Question 1

The acquisition of mental information by observing events,watching others,or through language is called

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  cognitive learning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  introspection.

Question 2

A biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  preparedness. 
C)  a cognitive map. 
D)  latent learning

Question 3

Albert Bandura's work has provided social models for all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  reducing unplanned pregnancies. 
B)  protecting against AIDS. 
C)  promoting environmental conservation. 
D)  encouraging adaptive learning.

Question 4

The smell of a mouthwash that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful dental procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  acquisition. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 5

Learning that certain events occur together is called

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional responding. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  associative learning.

Question 6

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  acquisition. 
D)  generalization.

Question 7

Although Josh learned aggressive behaviors by watching a violent movie,he did not imitate those behaviors until days later,when he was offered money to do so.Josh's behavior best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  biological constraints.

Question 8

When given a red pen rather than a black pen for correcting essays,people spot more errors.This best illustrates the subtle impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  learned associations. 
B)  behaviorism. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  unconditioned responding.

Question 9

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  UR;CR 
B)  CS;UR 
C)  US;UR 
D)  CS;US

Question 10

Who believed that basic laws of learning were similar in all animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Kimble and Garcia 
B)  Breland and Watson 
C)  Breland and Garcia 
D)  Pavlov and Watson

Question 11

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed 
B)  negative 
C)  partial 
D)  conditioned

Question 12

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition;extinction 
B)  negative reinforcer;positive reinforcer 
C)  primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer 
D)  punishment;reinforcement

Question 13

In classical conditioning,a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  primary stimulus. 
C)  neutral stimulus. 
D)  secondary stimulus.

Question 14

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcement. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  variable-interval reinforcement schedules. 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 15

Pavlov demonstrated that all organisms can learn by means of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  operant behaviors. 
C)  stimuli generalizations. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 16

Professor Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity,family life history,and capacity to generalize from previous experiences.The professor's emphasis best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviorism. 
B)  biological constraints. 
C)  prosocial behavior. 
D)  a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 17

Mike,a college student,always chews the top of his ink pens when he is writing a paper.His mother says that he has done this since he was in elementary school.This demonstrates how

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning is related to study habits. 
B)  operant conditioning is associated with the writing process. 
C)  learned associations are associated with habitual behaviors. 
D)  respondent behaviors are related to associative learning.

Question 18

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

Accepted Answer

A)  strengthens 
B)  eliminates 
C)  suppresses but does not eliminate 
D)  has an unpredictable effect on

Question 19

Research has shown that,compared with nonabused children,those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an angry face.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  operant behavior. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 20

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed 
B)  primary 
C)  positive 
D)  continuous

Exam 7: Learning