Question 1

Classical conditioning is a type of learning

Accepted Answer

A)  in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher. 
B)  in which we link two or more stimuli. 
C)  that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. 
D)  that references mental processes.

Question 2

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid the use of negative reinforcement to motivate effective study. 
B)  reinforce effective study with primary rather than secondary reinforcers. 
C)  reinforce effective study on a fixed-interval schedule. 
D)  reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills.

Question 3

It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths.

Accepted Answer

A)  prosocial behaviors 
B)  antisocial behaviors 
C)  cognitive maps 
D)  mirror neurons

Question 4

Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 5

Brandon is trying to train his dog to sit and roll over.He will be most successful if he rewards his dog based on

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  successive approximations.

Question 6

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 7

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water,its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  associative learning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. 
B)  organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. 
C)  repetition of operant behaviors that are rewarded. 
D)  reappearance,after a pause,of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 9

When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child,Adam also discontinued hitting other children.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 10

Mason,a stockbroker,runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress.Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  conditioned 
D)  partial

Question 11

Carl so strongly associates watching baseball games with eating hot dogs that he habitually eats them while at the ballpark even when he's not hungry.His eating habit best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned responses. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  introspection. 
D)  learning.

Question 12

Researchers have conditioned healthy volunteers to experience cravings after only one instance of eating a sweet food.This demonstrates the power of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 13

Who was influential in the view that all animals share commonalities in their makeup and functioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  John B.Watson 
B)  Charles Darwin 
C)  B.F.Skinner 
D)  Ivan Pavlov

Question 14

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  secondary reinforcement. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 15

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neurons 
B)  latent learning 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  biological constraints

Question 16

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned stimulus.

Question 17

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored.These representations are called

Accepted Answer

A)  antisocial models. 
B)  mirror neurons. 
C)  prosocial models. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 18

We are especially likely to vicariously experience the reinforcing outcomes of those people we perceive as

Accepted Answer

A)  prosocial models. 
B)  antisocial models. 
C)  dissimilar from us. 
D)  successful or admirable.

Question 19

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

Accepted Answer

A)  can interfere with the process of learning. 
B)  can be extinguished. 
C)  are acquired through observational learning. 
D)  may be produced through classical conditioning.

Question 20

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward,the first animal opens a similar box with great speed.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  respondent behavior. 
D)  observational learning.

Exam 7: Learning