Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the food was placed in the dog's mouth-at the sight of the food dish. The salivation at the sight of the food dish is an example of a(n) ________.

Louis is a 3-year-old who is deathly afraid of sitting in cars ever since he was in a mild car accident. He enjoys ice pops and chocolates, and responds gleefully to his favourite nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock." Describe the classical conditioning procedure that can help reduce his fear.

Which of the following statements is true of the behaviourist perspective?

Which of the following statements reflects the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Tim yells at his daughter Allison for soiling her pants. He also threatens to spank her if she ever does it again. Next week, she soils her pants again. According to studies on punishment, why did Tim's approach fail?

Which of the following is true about the use of extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards?

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

Explain why extrinsic rewards can undermine the pleasure of doing something for its own sake.

Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. After some time, Matt notices that Wally salivates even when other chords are strummed although the chords were not followed by food. This phenomenon is known as ________.

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

________ is a relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential) that occurs due to experience.

Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. He notices that Wally does not salivate to a D chord. Wally's lack of a response to the D chord illustrates the phenomenon of ________.

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as:

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

Ayden is afraid of swings. To overcome this fear, his father places him on a swing and gives Ayden an ice pop to eat while gently pushing it. This is an example of ________.

In the first chapter of the textbook, What Is Psychology?, one of the critical thinking guidelines we learned about was to consider other interpretations. Before settling on one interpretation of the evidence, critical thinkers generate as many interpretations as possible. For example, an athlete wears a new pair of socks and then surpasses her own record for the number of baskets made during a game. Her socks become "lucky" and she makes sure to wear them for each basketball game. What type of reinforcement (from Chapter 7, Learning and Conditioning) explains the fact that she clings to her socks as a lucky charm? What other interpretations should she consider?

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response.

The concept of latent learning was developed by:

Initially, when John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, showed "Little Albert" a live white rat, Albert:

________ reinforcement occurs when you take a pill to eliminate pain.