Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

In operant conditioning, reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour is a procedure called ________.

Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats, charms, and rituals. Using these principles, explain how an athlete might show this type of behaviour. How did Skinner demonstrate the phenomenon of superstitious behaviour with eight pigeons in his laboratory?

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________.

The process by which a stimulus weakens the probability of the response that it follows is called ________.

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery, but he refuses to buy her one. Joan continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For Joan, the cookie is a ________.

In classical conditioning, ________ is the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Margaret gives her son a quarter every time he makes his bed; she is using ________.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

________ is the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Being severely physically punished in childhood is a risk factor for which of the following?

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as:

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ________.

What is learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated called?

Which of the following behaviourists is associated with operant conditioning?

After "Little Albert" acquired a conditioned fear of a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not _______________ had occurred.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was the unconditioned response.

The week after she earns her driver's licence, 16-year-old Hannah arrives home an hour after curfew. As a consequence, Hannah must wash the car on Saturday and is not allowed to drive it for a week. Washing the car is a ________ and losing driving privileges is a ________.