Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called ________.

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the marble, and then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________.

A(n) ________ stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Dr. Swarz wants to condition a fear response in rats in her laboratory. What would be the ideal interval for her to use between her neutral stimulus (a light) and her US (a buzzer)?

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.

Harry and Sally want their cat to jump through a hoop 3 feet off the ground. Because the cat would never spontaneously jump through the hoop on its own, what operant conditioning procedure will Harry and Sally need to use? Briefly explain how they might proceed.

________ founded American behaviourism and recognized the real-life implications of classical conditioning.

Dr. Ibrahim conducts an experiment at a local university. Participants were shown a white envelope while listening to two minutes of uplifting music and a brown envelope while listening to two minutes of a single tone repeated over and over (which was intended to be annoying). At the end of the experiment, participants are told to choose an envelope containing their compensation on the way out of the room. The envelopes are either white or brown. If there were 100 participants, how many are likely to choose a white envelope instead of a brown envelope?

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

When Tang kissed Kaila, her heart rate increased. Tang always wore the same body spray. Whenever Kaila smelled that body spray, her heart raced. Tang's kiss was the:

After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5-year-old, learns to use her finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behaviour through ________.

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. It salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?

Every week Jade spends her allowance on 225 grams of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:

The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour is called ________.

Which of the following is a secondary punisher?

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur. Describe the research on higher-order conditioning in which slugs were the research subjects.