Question 1

What is referred pain? Using an example, explain how referred pain occurs.

Accepted Answer

Pain impulses from the viscera are often interpreted as coming from the skin either near to, or more removed from, the affected organ. The most common example is the pain of a heart attack. The area to which the pain is referred (medial aspect of left arm, skin over the left side of the chest) is served by the T1-T5 region of the cord, which also serves the heart.

Question 2

A mosquito bites you on the wrist. Even before you look at the spot, your CNS has informed you of what has happened, and where. What neuronal events have occurred between the time the insect began to bite and the moment when you became aware?

Accepted Answer

1. Stimulation: activation of sensory neurons
2. Creation of a nerve impulse in a first-order sensory neuron
3. Conduction of nerve impulse to the CNS via the first-order neuron
4. Nerve impulse reaches the region in the CNS where it is transformed into a conscious perception.

Question 3

Which of the following proprioceptors have a thin capsule of connective tissue enclosing a few bundles of collagen fibers?

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle spindles 
B)  tendon organs 
C)  joint kinesthetic receptors 
D)  muscle spindles and tendon organs 
A)  muscle spindles 
B)  tendon organs 
C)  joint kinesthetic receptors 
D)  muscle spindles and tendon organs B

Question 4

There are two destinations in the brain for proprioceptive information: the hypothalamus and the brainstem

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Upper motor neurons of the indirect pathways begin in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebral cortex. 
B)  brain stem. 
C)  thalamus. 
D)  spinal cord. 
A)  cerebral cortex. 
B)  brain stem. 
C)  thalamus. 
D)  spinal cord.

Question 6

The group of tracts called the lateral corticospinal tracts, anterior corticospinal tracts, and corticobulbar tracts:

Accepted Answer

A)  are the direct motor pathways. 
B)  are the anterolateral pathways. 
C)  are the indirect motor pathways. 
D)  are the direct and indirect motor pathways. 
A)  are the direct motor pathways. 
B)  are the anterolateral pathways. 
C)  are the indirect motor pathways. 
D)  are the direct and indirect motor pathways.

Question 7

Decussation of sensory pathways occurs before the pathway reaches the thalamus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The anterior corticospinal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level of the medulla oblongata.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Select the best description for the function of the posterior column-medial lemniscus:

Accepted Answer

A)  impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations 
B)  impulses for pain and temperature sensations 
C)  impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch, and pressure sensations 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet 
A)  impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations 
B)  impulses for pain and temperature sensations 
C)  impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch, and pressure sensations 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 10

The major control region for planning and initiating voluntary movements is the primary motor area (precentral gyrus) of the cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Select the best description for the function of the anterior corticospinal tract:

Accepted Answer

A)  impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs 
B)  impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli 
C)  conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet 
A)  impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs 
B)  impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli 
C)  conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 12

Discuss the structure, location, and functions of the three main types of proprioceptors.

Accepted Answer

Table 20.2 summarize

Question 13

Select the best description for the function of the lateral corticospinal tract:

Accepted Answer

A)  impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs 
B)  impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli 
C)  conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet 
A)  impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs 
B)  impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli 
C)  conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 14

Select the best description for the function of the corticobulbar tract:

Accepted Answer

A)  impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs 
B)  impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli 
C)  conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet 
A)  impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs 
B)  impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli 
C)  conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements 
D)  impulses for subconscious proprioception 
E)  impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 15

Axons of _____-order neurons cross over to the other side in the brain or spinal cord before ascending to the thalamus.

Accepted Answer

A)  first 
B)  second 
C)  third 
D)  upper 
A)  first 
B)  second 
C)  third 
D)  upper

Question 16

The cell bodies of _____-order sensory neurons are located in the thalamus.

Accepted Answer

A)  first 
B)  second 
C)  third 
D)  fourth 
A)  first 
B)  second 
C)  third 
D)  fourth

Question 17

Visceral pain occurs when nociceptors in internal organs, skeletal muscles, tendons, or joints are stimulated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The _____ pathway conducts impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations.

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior corticospinal 
B)  posterior column-medial lemniscus 
C)  spinothalamic 
D)  tectospinal 
A)  anterior corticospinal 
B)  posterior column-medial lemniscus 
C)  spinothalamic 
D)  tectospinal

Question 19

Proprioception is the sense that provides an awareness of body positions and movements of parts of the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Deep somatic pain arises from stimulation of _____ in skeletal muscles and joints.

Accepted Answer

A)  proprioceptors 
B)  nociceptors 
C)  photoreceptors 
D)  thermoreceptors 
E)  osmoreceptors 
A)  proprioceptors 
B)  nociceptors 
C)  photoreceptors 
D)  thermoreceptors 
E)  osmoreceptors

Exam 20: Somatic Senses and Motor Control

What is referred pain? Using an example, explain how referred pain occurs.

A mosquito bites you on the wrist. Even before you look at the spot, your CNS has informed you of what has happened, and where. What neuronal events have occurred between the time the insect began to bite and the moment when you became aware?

Which of the following proprioceptors have a thin capsule of connective tissue enclosing a few bundles of collagen fibers?

There are two destinations in the brain for proprioceptive information: the hypothalamus and the brainstem

Upper motor neurons of the indirect pathways begin in the:

The group of tracts called the lateral corticospinal tracts, anterior corticospinal tracts, and corticobulbar tracts:

Decussation of sensory pathways occurs before the pathway reaches the thalamus.

The anterior corticospinal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level of the medulla oblongata.

Select the best description for the function of the posterior column-medial lemniscus:

The major control region for planning and initiating voluntary movements is the primary motor area (precentral gyrus) of the cortex.

Select the best description for the function of the anterior corticospinal tract:

Discuss the structure, location, and functions of the three main types of proprioceptors.

Select the best description for the function of the lateral corticospinal tract:

Select the best description for the function of the corticobulbar tract:

Axons of _____-order neurons cross over to the other side in the brain or spinal cord before ascending to the thalamus.

The cell bodies of _____-order sensory neurons are located in the thalamus.

Visceral pain occurs when nociceptors in internal organs, skeletal muscles, tendons, or joints are stimulated.

The _____ pathway conducts impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations.

Proprioception is the sense that provides an awareness of body positions and movements of parts of the body.

Deep somatic pain arises from stimulation of _____ in skeletal muscles and joints.

An Introduction to the Human Body

Cells

Tissues

Development

The Integumentary System

Bone Tissue

The Skeletal System: the Axial Skeleton

The Skeletal System: the Appendicular Skeleton

Joints

Muscular Tissue

The Muscular System

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Cardiovascular System: the Heart

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Nervous Tissue

The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves

The Brain and the Cranial Nerves

The Autonomic Nervous System

Special Senses

The Endocrine System

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

The Urinary System

The Reproductive Systems

Surface Anatomy

Filters