Question 1

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the researcher does not have to be concerned with validity 
B)  the knowledge gained can also be generalized to groups 
C)  Individuals always act as their own controls 
D)  it is better suited for answering the question: "Which factor is the most effective?" 
A)  the researcher does not have to be concerned with validity 
B)  the knowledge gained can also be generalized to groups 
C)  Individuals always act as their own controls 
D)  it is better suited for answering the question: "Which factor is the most effective?"

Question 2

Proponents of the single-subject technique argue that

Accepted Answer

A)  Averaging the data is a distortion of the behavior of the individual participants 
B)  The unique and individual nature of each person must be celebrated 
C)  The median is the best statistic to describe participants 
D)  Small effects should be the focus of study 
A)  Averaging the data is a distortion of the behavior of the individual participants 
B)  The unique and individual nature of each person must be celebrated 
C)  The median is the best statistic to describe participants 
D)  Small effects should be the focus of study

Question 3

Withdrawing the treatment is

Accepted Answer

A)  An important control strategy in single-subject research 
B)  An important way to increase reliability in single-subject research 
C)  Similar to using multiple baselines 
D)  A way to evaluate the effects of error variance 
A)  An important control strategy in single-subject research 
B)  An important way to increase reliability in single-subject research 
C)  Similar to using multiple baselines 
D)  A way to evaluate the effects of error variance

Question 4

A new program has been developed to increase students' speed and accuracy in doing simple arithmetic computations. You have been asked to evaluate its effectiveness. One of the first decisions you must make is whether to use a group or single-subject experimental design. What are several questions you might ask the curriculum specialist about the program and about the purpose of the experiment that will help to determine the more appropriate type of experimental design to be used?

Accepted Answer

Several questions to ask the curriculum

Question 5

The statistical power of a test

Accepted Answer

A)  Depends on the size of the sample drawn from the population 
B)  Depends on the size of the effect 
C)  Depends on the reliability of the test 
D)  Both a and b 
A)  Depends on the size of the sample drawn from the population 
B)  Depends on the size of the effect 
C)  Depends on the reliability of the test 
D)  Both a and b

Question 6

According to the individual-differences tradition

Accepted Answer

A)  Variability between participants is inevitable 
B)  The result of an experimental manipulation is inevitable 
C)  The effects of genetics are inevitable 
D)  Only within-subjects studies should be conducted 
A)  Variability between participants is inevitable 
B)  The result of an experimental manipulation is inevitable 
C)  The effects of genetics are inevitable 
D)  Only within-subjects studies should be conducted

Question 7

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A-B design?

Accepted Answer

A)  repeating the treatments 
B)  withdrawing the treatments 
C)  obtaining a stable baseline 
D)  using multiple baselines 
A)  repeating the treatments 
B)  withdrawing the treatments 
C)  obtaining a stable baseline 
D)  using multiple baselines

Question 8

Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because

Accepted Answer

A)  they disdained the use of statistics 
B)  they did not have regular access to groups of individuals 
C)  the discovery that human traits followed the normal curve had not yet been made 
D)  modern statistical methods did not yet exist 
A)  they disdained the use of statistics 
B)  they did not have regular access to groups of individuals 
C)  the discovery that human traits followed the normal curve had not yet been made 
D)  modern statistical methods did not yet exist

Question 9

A single-subject experiment that showed a 75% improvement in depression after a particular treatment would certainly show _________, even without statistics

Accepted Answer

A)  Power 
B)  Clinical significance 
C)  ABAB design 
D)  Mixed design 
A)  Power 
B)  Clinical significance 
C)  ABAB design 
D)  Mixed design

Question 10

Obtaining baseline stability:

Accepted Answer

A)  is an objective process 
B)  is not always possible 
C)  is always necessary 
D)  can best be accomplished using modern statistical methods 
A)  is an objective process 
B)  is not always possible 
C)  is always necessary 
D)  can best be accomplished using modern statistical methods

Question 11

A researcher conducts a study to gradually bring about the desired behavior change for a subject. At each session, the researcher introduces a more stringent set of guidelines to see if behavior changes coincide with the new reinforcement. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  changing-criterion design 
B)  multiple-baseline design 
C)  interaction design 
D)  A-B-A-B design 
A)  changing-criterion design 
B)  multiple-baseline design 
C)  interaction design 
D)  A-B-A-B design

Question 12

If a study showed that a particular treatment produced an improvement in 55% of the participants, while 52% of the control participants improved spontaneously, the treatment

Accepted Answer

A)  Would undoubtedly be statistically significant 
B)  Would lack clinical significance 
C)  Would have clinical significance, but not statistical significance 
D)  Is worth adopting. 
A)  Would undoubtedly be statistically significant 
B)  Would lack clinical significance 
C)  Would have clinical significance, but not statistical significance 
D)  Is worth adopting.

Question 13

Suppose that Dr. Jeffers uses 10 participants in an experiment and finds a correlation of .765, while Dr. Amico uses 50 participants and finds a correlation of .361. Both results are significant. Which result should you have more trust in?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dr. Jeffers, because he showed a larger effect 
B)  Dr. Amico, because he used more people 
C)  You can trust them equally 
D)  You can't trust either one 
A)  Dr. Jeffers, because he showed a larger effect 
B)  Dr. Amico, because he used more people 
C)  You can trust them equally 
D)  You can't trust either one

Question 14

Mozzoni and Hartnedy 2000) wondered which of three different treatments would be best at helping a brain-injured person to pay attention to therapeutic activities. What would be the best single-subject design for them to use?

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple-baseline design 
B)  changing criterion design 
C)  alternating treatments design 
D)  A-B-A-B design 
A)  multiple-baseline design 
B)  changing criterion design 
C)  alternating treatments design 
D)  A-B-A-B design

Question 15

The term power refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the probability of committing a Type I error 
B)  the probability of committing a Type II error 
C)  the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when a true difference exists in the population 
D)  the probability that a statistical test will account for the unexplained variability 
A)  the probability of committing a Type I error 
B)  the probability of committing a Type II error 
C)  the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when a true difference exists in the population 
D)  the probability that a statistical test will account for the unexplained variability

Question 16

____________ research often employs single-participant designs

Accepted Answer

A)  Personality 
B)  Psychophysical 
C)  Neuropsychological 
D)  Medical 
A)  Personality 
B)  Psychophysical 
C)  Neuropsychological 
D)  Medical

Question 17

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  A-B-A-B design 
B)  Alternating treatments design 
C)  Multiple-baseline design 
D)  Changing-criterion design 
A)  A-B-A-B design 
B)  Alternating treatments design 
C)  Multiple-baseline design 
D)  Changing-criterion design

Question 18

Single-subject research focuses on individuals because

Accepted Answer

A)  each individual is unique 
B)  human creativity cannot be studied by methods that assume determinism 
C)  it permits a researcher to focus on small effects 
D)  group data sometimes obscure features of individual performance 
A)  each individual is unique 
B)  human creativity cannot be studied by methods that assume determinism 
C)  it permits a researcher to focus on small effects 
D)  group data sometimes obscure features of individual performance

Question 19

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  it places emphasis on the behavior of individuals rather than on group averages 
B)  the researcher does not have to be concerned with extraneous variables 
C)  the knowledge gained can also be generalized to statements concerning group performance 
D)  it is better suited for answering the question: "Which of the various treatments is the most effective?" 
A)  it places emphasis on the behavior of individuals rather than on group averages 
B)  the researcher does not have to be concerned with extraneous variables 
C)  the knowledge gained can also be generalized to statements concerning group performance 
D)  it is better suited for answering the question: "Which of the various treatments is the most effective?"

Question 20

Multiple-baseline designs may be conducted across all of the following variables EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviors 
B)  Individuals 
C)  Settings 
D)  Antecedents 
A)  Behaviors 
B)  Individuals 
C)  Settings 
D)  Antecedents

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Proponents of the single-subject technique argue that

Withdrawing the treatment is

The statistical power of a test

According to the individual-differences tradition

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A-B design?

Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because

A single-subject experiment that showed a 75% improvement in depression after a particular treatment would certainly show _________, even without statistics

Obtaining baseline stability:

If a study showed that a particular treatment produced an improvement in 55% of the participants, while 52% of the control participants improved spontaneously, the treatment

Suppose that Dr. Jeffers uses 10 participants in an experiment and finds a correlation of .765, while Dr. Amico uses 50 participants and finds a correlation of .361. Both results are significant. Which result should you have more trust in?

Mozzoni and Hartnedy 2000) wondered which of three different treatments would be best at helping a brain-injured person to pay attention to therapeutic activities. What would be the best single-subject design for them to use?

The term power refers to:

____________ research often employs single-participant designs

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Single-subject research focuses on individuals because

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Multiple-baseline designs may be conducted across all of the following variables EXCEPT

Psychology and Science

Developing a Research Question

Ethics in Research

Writing in Psychology

Variables

Validity

Control

Nonexperimental Research, Part I: Observational,

Nonexperimental Research, Part Ii

True Experiments, Part 1 Single-Factor Designs

True Experiments, Part 2 Factorial Designs

Quasi Experiments

Data Exploration, Part 1: Graphic and Descriptive Techniques

Data Exploration, Part 2: Inferential Statistics

Epilogue Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology

Filters

Exam 12: Single Subject Experiments

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Proponents of the single-subject technique argue that

Withdrawing the treatment is

The statistical power of a test

According to the individual-differences tradition

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A-B design?

Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because

A single-subject experiment that showed a 75% improvement in depression after a particular treatment would certainly show _________, even without statistics

Obtaining baseline stability:

If a study showed that a particular treatment produced an improvement in 55% of the participants, while 52% of the control participants improved spontaneously, the treatment

Suppose that Dr. Jeffers uses 10 participants in an experiment and finds a correlation of .765, while Dr. Amico uses 50 participants and finds a correlation of .361. Both results are significant. Which result should you have more trust in?

Mozzoni and Hartnedy 2000) wondered which of three different treatments would be best at helping a brain-injured person to pay attention to therapeutic activities. What would be the best single-subject design for them to use?

The term power refers to:

____________ research often employs single-participant designs

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Single-subject research focuses on individuals because

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Multiple-baseline designs may be conducted across all of the following variables EXCEPT

Psychology and Science

Developing a Research Question

Ethics in Research

Writing in Psychology

Variables

Validity

Control

Nonexperimental Research, Part I: Observational,

Nonexperimental Research, Part Ii

True Experiments, Part 1 Single-Factor Designs

True Experiments, Part 2 Factorial Designs

Quasi Experiments

Data Exploration, Part 1: Graphic and Descriptive Techniques

Data Exploration, Part 2: Inferential Statistics

Epilogue Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology

Filters