Question 1

Explain the correlation-causation problem and give an example.

Accepted Answer

The correlation-causation problem refers to the common mistake of assuming that because two variables are correlated, one must cause the other. This is a logical fallacy, as correlation does not imply causation.

For example, let's consider the relationship between ice cream sales and drowning incidents. These two variables are positively correlated, meaning that as ice cream sales increase, so do drowning incidents. However, it would be incorrect to conclude that eating ice cream causes people to drown. In reality, both variables are influenced by a third factor - warm weather. During the summer months, people are more likely to buy ice cream and also more likely to go swimming, leading to an increase in drowning incidents.

This example illustrates the importance of not jumping to conclusions about causation based solely on correlation. It's essential to consider other potential factors and conduct further research before making any causal claims.

Question 2

Assume that X and Y correlate .6,are in Z-score form,and that a particular value of X is 1.What is the value of the Y residual?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  .4 
C)  .6 
D)  1 
A)  0 
B)  .4 
C)  .6 
D)  1 B

Question 3

One formula for the correlation between a continuous variable and an artificially dichotomized variable is

Accepted Answer

A)  Spearman's rank order formula. 
B)  the point biserial correlation. 
C)  the phi coefficient. 
D)  the biserial correlation. 
A)  Spearman's rank order formula. 
B)  the point biserial correlation. 
C)  the phi coefficient. 
D)  the biserial correlation. D

Question 4

Identify and discuss the use of two measures of correlation other than the Pearson r.

Accepted Answer

Two measures of correlation other than t

Question 5

The primary purpose of a factor analysis is to

Accepted Answer

A)  determine the relationship between variables. 
B)  reduce a larger set of variables to a smaller composite set. 
C)  insure that proper inferences are being made. 
D)  determine the degree of non-association between variables. 
A)  determine the relationship between variables. 
B)  reduce a larger set of variables to a smaller composite set. 
C)  insure that proper inferences are being made. 
D)  determine the degree of non-association between variables.

Question 6

The observation that the preference for watching TV shows depicting violence is correlated -.86 with altruism suggests

Accepted Answer

A)  TV violence causes altruistic behavior. 
B)  altruistic behavior causes a preference for TV violence. 
C)  increases in altruism are associated with decreases in preference for violent programs. 
D)  there is no relationship between TV preference and altruism. 
A)  TV violence causes altruistic behavior. 
B)  altruistic behavior causes a preference for TV violence. 
C)  increases in altruism are associated with decreases in preference for violent programs. 
D)  there is no relationship between TV preference and altruism.

Question 7

The difference between the observed and predicted score is

Accepted Answer

A)  the residual. 
B)  the intercept. 
C)  the Z score. 
D)  correlation coefficient. 
A)  the residual. 
B)  the intercept. 
C)  the Z score. 
D)  correlation coefficient.

Question 8

To assess the relationship between intelligence and passing or failing this exam,you would use the

Accepted Answer

A)  point biserial. 
B)  Pearson r. 
C)  biserial correlation. 
D)  tetrachoric correlation. 
A)  point biserial. 
B)  Pearson r. 
C)  biserial correlation. 
D)  tetrachoric correlation.

Question 9

Principle components are found in

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple regression. 
B)  factor analysis. 
C)  discriminant analysis. 
D)  Spearman's rho. 
A)  multiple regression. 
B)  factor analysis. 
C)  discriminant analysis. 
D)  Spearman's rho.

Question 10

If the coefficient of determination is 0.49,what is the correlation coefficient?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.24 
B)  0.51 
C)  0.70 
D)  0.89 
A)  0.24 
B)  0.51 
C)  0.70 
D)  0.89

Question 11

Given the following ordered pairs,the correlation is 8 7
7 6
3 2
1 2
1 2

Accepted Answer

A)  positive. 
B)  negative. 
C)  zero. 
D)  perfect. 
A)  positive. 
B)  negative. 
C)  zero. 
D)  perfect.

Question 12

X and Y correlate .6.What is the coefficient of alienation of this relation?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  .36 
C)  .60 
D)  .80 
A)  0 
B)  .36 
C)  .60 
D)  .80

Question 13

Correlation coefficients describe the

Accepted Answer

A)  degree of linearity of relation between X and Y. 
B)  mean of X and Y. 
C)  direction and magnitude of relationship between X and Y. 
D)  causality of relationships between X and Y. 
A)  degree of linearity of relation between X and Y. 
B)  mean of X and Y. 
C)  direction and magnitude of relationship between X and Y. 
D)  causality of relationships between X and Y.

Question 14

Assume that X and Y correlate .4,are in Z score form,and that a particular value of X is 1.What is the predicted value of Y?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  .4 
C)  .6 
D)  1 
A)  0 
B)  .4 
C)  .6 
D)  1

Question 15

If the scores on X give us no information about the scores on Y,this indicates

Accepted Answer

A)  a positive correlation. 
B)  a negative correlation. 
C)  no correlation. 
D)  curvilinear correlation. 
A)  a positive correlation. 
B)  a negative correlation. 
C)  no correlation. 
D)  curvilinear correlation.

Question 16

The point at which the regression line crosses the Y axis is the

Accepted Answer

A)  slope. 
B)  regression coefficient. 
C)  predicted value of X. 
D)  intercept. 
A)  slope. 
B)  regression coefficient. 
C)  predicted value of X. 
D)  intercept.

Question 17

What is the difference between correlation and regression?

Accepted Answer

A)  Regression requires standardized units,while correlation does not. 
B)  Correlation is the same thing as regression except that the scores are in standardized units. 
C)  In regression,scores on the Y axis regress toward the mean,while in correlation they do not. 
D)  In correlation,scores on the Y axis regress toward the mean,while in regression they do not. 
A)  Regression requires standardized units,while correlation does not. 
B)  Correlation is the same thing as regression except that the scores are in standardized units. 
C)  In regression,scores on the Y axis regress toward the mean,while in correlation they do not. 
D)  In correlation,scores on the Y axis regress toward the mean,while in regression they do not.

Question 18

The correlation equals +1 for which of the following four pairs of numbers?

Accepted Answer

A)  (2,4), (4,8), (0,0), (-2,-4) 
B)  (0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (3,9) 
C)  (4,3), (2,-1), (-2,-9), (0,-5) 
D)  (4,-9), (2,-1), (-2,-2), (0,-5) 
A)  (2,4), (4,8), (0,0), (-2,-4) 
B)  (0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (3,9) 
C)  (4,3), (2,-1), (-2,-9), (0,-5) 
D)  (4,-9), (2,-1), (-2,-2), (0,-5)

Question 19

Which of the following is an artificially dichotomous variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  gender 
B)  weight 
C)  passing/failing a final exam 
D)  GPA 
A)  gender 
B)  weight 
C)  passing/failing a final exam 
D)  GPA

Question 20

A factor loading is

Accepted Answer

A)  a residual. 
B)  the correlation between two principle components. 
C)  the correlation between an item and a factor. 
D)  the square root of a factor. 
A)  a residual. 
B)  the correlation between two principle components. 
C)  the correlation between an item and a factor. 
D)  the square root of a factor.

Explain the correlation-causation problem and give an example.

Assume that X and Y correlate .6,are in Z-score form,and that a particular value of X is 1.What is the value of the Y residual?

One formula for the correlation between a continuous variable and an artificially dichotomized variable is

Identify and discuss the use of two measures of correlation other than the Pearson r.

The primary purpose of a factor analysis is to

The observation that the preference for watching TV shows depicting violence is correlated -.86 with altruism suggests

The difference between the observed and predicted score is

To assess the relationship between intelligence and passing or failing this exam,you would use the

Principle components are found in

If the coefficient of determination is 0.49,what is the correlation coefficient?

Given the following ordered pairs,the correlation is 8 7 7 6 3 2 1 2 1 2

X and Y correlate .6.What is the coefficient of alienation of this relation?

Correlation coefficients describe the

Assume that X and Y correlate .4,are in Z score form,and that a particular value of X is 1.What is the predicted value of Y?

If the scores on X give us no information about the scores on Y,this indicates

The point at which the regression line crosses the Y axis is the

What is the difference between correlation and regression?

The correlation equals +1 for which of the following four pairs of numbers?

Which of the following is an artificially dichotomous variable?

A factor loading is

Introduction

Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing

Reliability

Validity

Test Bias

Writing and Evaluating Test Items

Interviewing Techniques

Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: Wais-Iv, wisc-Iv, and Wppsi-III

Other Individual Tests of Ability in Education and Special Education

Standardized Tests in Education, civil Service, and the Military

Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings

Projective Personality Tests

Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing

Testing in Counseling Psychology

Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care

Testing in Industrial and Business Settings

Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing

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Exam 3: Correlation and Regression

Explain the correlation-causation problem and give an example.

Assume that X and Y correlate .6,are in Z-score form,and that a particular value of X is 1.What is the value of the Y residual?

One formula for the correlation between a continuous variable and an artificially dichotomized variable is

Identify and discuss the use of two measures of correlation other than the Pearson r.

The primary purpose of a factor analysis is to

The observation that the preference for watching TV shows depicting violence is correlated -.86 with altruism suggests

The difference between the observed and predicted score is

To assess the relationship between intelligence and passing or failing this exam,you would use the

Principle components are found in

If the coefficient of determination is 0.49,what is the correlation coefficient?

Given the following ordered pairs,the correlation is 8 7 7 6 3 2 1 2 1 2

X and Y correlate .6.What is the coefficient of alienation of this relation?

Correlation coefficients describe the

Assume that X and Y correlate .4,are in Z score form,and that a particular value of X is 1.What is the predicted value of Y?

If the scores on X give us no information about the scores on Y,this indicates

The point at which the regression line crosses the Y axis is the

What is the difference between correlation and regression?

The correlation equals +1 for which of the following four pairs of numbers?

Which of the following is an artificially dichotomous variable?

A factor loading is

Introduction

Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing

Reliability

Validity

Test Bias

Writing and Evaluating Test Items

Interviewing Techniques

Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: Wais-Iv, wisc-Iv, and Wppsi-III

Other Individual Tests of Ability in Education and Special Education

Standardized Tests in Education, civil Service, and the Military

Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings

Projective Personality Tests

Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing

Testing in Counseling Psychology

Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care

Testing in Industrial and Business Settings

Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing

Filters