Exam 6: Memory

Unlike semantic encoding,visual imagery encoding shows activation of the _____ lobe.

When we remember something,our brains create exact duplicates of perceptual experiences.

The tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present is termed:

Loftus conducted a classic study of false memory in which a false memory of _____ was implanted into the minds of participants.

Memory misattribution may help explain experiences of déjà vu.

The memory sin that does NOT have benefits similar to those of the other sins is:

Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?

The idea that an external retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information is initially encoded is termed:

An instructor studies his class roll for 15 minutes on the first day of class in an attempt to remember student names.The next day,he finds that he can only recall the names at the beginning of the roll.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

Information from the outside world that is associated with stored information and that helps bring it to mind is known as a(n)_____ cue.

Jacob cannot remember anything that occurred in the minutes leading up to the bicycle accident that knocked him briefly unconscious.This mild form of _____ amnesia is MOST likely due to the head injury preventing memory _____.

Short-term storage is to long-term storage as:

The inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular date,usually the date of brain trauma or surgery,is termed:

Brain imaging studies indicate that the executive functioning underlying working memory is attributable to activity in the _____ lobe.

Just before a music concert,a fake crime was staged next to the line of people waiting to get into the auditorium.In the staged crime,a man steals a woman's handbag and runs away.One of the people in line was also part of the setup.As the bystanders began talking about the robbery,he asked a few of them if they had noticed the writing on the robber's hat.The robber,however,had not worn a hat.Yet,when later questioned by "the police," some of the witnesses reported that the robber was wearing a hat.This scenario BEST illustrates:

People with damage to the frontal lobes are especially prone to memory misattribution errors.

The distorting influence of present knowledge,beliefs,and feelings on the recall of previous experiences is called:

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario I The scenario is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Barber,S.J. ,Rajaram,S. ,& Fox,E.B.(2012).Learning and remembering with others: The key role of retrieval in shaping group recall and collective memory.Social Cognition,30(1),121-132.doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.121 In a typical experiment on collaborative memory,participants first encode information individually and later attempt to recall the information either individually or in a small group (collaboratively).While the recall of the collaborative group is better than that of any individual,the summed recall of individuals typically is better than the recall of the collaborative group.This is a phenomenon termed collaborative inhibition.Barber,Rajaram,and Fox (2012)investigated this phenomenon during both the encoding and retrieval stages of memory. Participants created sentences out of a word bank,which provided for the opportunity to encode this information.After completing this task,participants engaged in an unrelated task-solving mazes-for 10 minutes.Then,in a surprise memory test,they were asked to recall as many words from the word bank as possible (retrieval). Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups.In the first group (Alone-Alone),participants were studied individually during both the encoding and retrieval phases of the experiment.In the second group (Alone-Collaborative),participants were studied individually during the encoding phase and as part of a three-member team (triad)during the retrieval phase.In the third group (Collaborative-Alone),participants were studied in a triad during the encoding phase but individually during the retrieval phase.Finally,in the fourth group (Collaborative-Collaborative),participants completed both phases of the experiment as part of a triad. Fabricated results illustrating the major finding of Barber et al.(2012)are presented in Figure 6.1.This figure shows the percentage of words from the word bank accurately recalled as a function of group.For the two groups that experienced the retrieval phase individually,scores represent the summed retrieval of the individuals comprising the group.For the two groups that experienced the retrieval phase as part of a triad,scores simply represent the collaborative performance. Figure 6.1 -(Scenario I)One possible explanation of collaborative inhibition is social loafing,or the established phenomenon that people do not exert as much effort on a task when studied as part of a group relative to when studied individually.A careful examination of the procedure and results,however,suggests that social loafing does not explain collaborative inhibition because:

It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is the capacity of _____ memory.

Before Jane starts studying,she takes a few deep breaths to calm herself.She always goes to the same part of the library and sits at the same table.Before her exam,she takes a few deep breaths to bring herself back to the same frame of mind that she was in during her study session.Jane is applying: