Exam 11: Development

Julia was born male but has a female gender.She is sexually attracted to females.Julia would be classified as a:

Which statement is TRUE of visual perception in newborns?

Which statement about the fluidity of sexual orientation is TRUE?

Most people find it morally permissible to sacrifice one life to save five lives if the action involves pulling a switch.However,most people find it morally impermissible to sacrifice one life for five lives if the action involves pushing a man from a bridge.Why?

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario II The scenario is based on and presents results consistent with the following studies: Gopnik,A. ,& Astington,J.W.(1988).Children's understanding of representative change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction.Child Development,59,26-37. Wimmer,H. ,& Perner,J.(1983).Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception.Cognition,13(1),103-128. Wimmer and Perner (1983)first developed a procedure to assess if children have developed a theory of mind.Children were read an illustrated story in which a puppet named Maxi hid a piece of chocolate in one cupboard and then left the room.While Maxi was away,a second puppet entered the room,discovered the chocolate,and hid it in a new location before leaving.The story ended with Maxi's return.Children were asked where Maxi will look for the chocolate.Whereas most 5-year-olds who have developed a theory of mind will report that he will look in the cupboard,most 3-year-olds will report that Maxi will look in the new location. Using a different procedure,Gopnik and Astington (1988)first arranged a control condition in which children were shown a dollhouse.Inside the dollhouse was an apple.In the presence of the children,the experimenter opened the dollhouse and replaced the apple with a doll.A few minutes later,the children were asked what was currently in the dollhouse and what had previously been in the dollhouse.Only children who answered these questions correctly progressed to the experimental condition.Here,the experimenter showed children a candy box.When they opened it,the children discovered that it contained pencils.When the children were asked what they originally thought was in the box,most 5-year-olds said candy and most 3-year-olds said pencils. -(Scenario II)The results obtained in the experimental condition by Gopnik and Astington (1988)suggest that 3-year-olds treat their past selves as:

As people move from early to middle adulthood,their rate of interaction with acquaintances _____,and their rate of interaction with family and a few close friends _____.

The most common teratogen is alcohol.

A psychology professor conducts a study in which she shows children a carton of milk and then pours it to reveal orange juice instead of milk.Then she asks the children what they originally had thought was in it.Most 3-year-olds probably will say _____,and most 5-year-olds will say _____.

Daniel does not communicate well with others.As a result,he has few friends and does not understand the emotions of others.He has yet to acquire a theory of mind.Although he has profound social deficits,his score on a standardized intelligence test was in the normal range.Daniel MOST likely has:

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario I The scenario is based on and presents results consistent with the following study: Kim,I.K. ,& Spelke,E.S.(1992).Infants' sensitivity to effects of gravity on visual object motion.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,18(2),385-393. Kim and Spelke (1992)investigated the extent to which infants have expectancies of gravitational effects on visual object motion.Infants of 3 and 5 months of age repeatedly watched a video of a ball accelerating as it rolled down an incline until they spent little time actively looking at it.Subsequently,two types of test trials were conducted in randomized order.Type A test trials consisted of a ball slowing down as it rolled up an incline.Type B test trials consisted of a ball slowing down as it rolled down an incline.During all trials,the amount of time looking at each visual display was recorded.Fabricated data consistent with the major finding of this study are presented in Figure 11.1. Figure 11.1 Note that "Age 5" and "Age 3" in the legend refer to months of age. -(Scenario I)Which inference is TRUE based on the data shown in Figure 11.1?

The typical adolescent struggles with frequent moodiness and extreme mood swings.

Older adults show a much more pronounced decline in _____ memory than in _____ memory.

The percentage of high school students who report having sex is about _____%,and has been _____ over the last 25 years.

Which statement about peer relationships in adolescence is TRUE?

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario II The scenario is based on and presents results consistent with the following studies: Gopnik,A. ,& Astington,J.W.(1988).Children's understanding of representative change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction.Child Development,59,26-37. Wimmer,H. ,& Perner,J.(1983).Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception.Cognition,13(1),103-128. Wimmer and Perner (1983)first developed a procedure to assess if children have developed a theory of mind.Children were read an illustrated story in which a puppet named Maxi hid a piece of chocolate in one cupboard and then left the room.While Maxi was away,a second puppet entered the room,discovered the chocolate,and hid it in a new location before leaving.The story ended with Maxi's return.Children were asked where Maxi will look for the chocolate.Whereas most 5-year-olds who have developed a theory of mind will report that he will look in the cupboard,most 3-year-olds will report that Maxi will look in the new location. Using a different procedure,Gopnik and Astington (1988)first arranged a control condition in which children were shown a dollhouse.Inside the dollhouse was an apple.In the presence of the children,the experimenter opened the dollhouse and replaced the apple with a doll.A few minutes later,the children were asked what was currently in the dollhouse and what had previously been in the dollhouse.Only children who answered these questions correctly progressed to the experimental condition.Here,the experimenter showed children a candy box.When they opened it,the children discovered that it contained pencils.When the children were asked what they originally thought was in the box,most 5-year-olds said candy and most 3-year-olds said pencils. -(Scenario II)In order to respond CORRECTLY in Wimmer and Perner's (1983)study,children need to:

_____ is the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people.

By the age of 17,about 54% of Canadian teenagers have had sexual intercourse.

Which statement about conversion "therapy" is TRUE?

Older adults show a much more pronounced decline in _____ memory than in _____ memory.

Billy was told by his mother that hitting is not acceptable.When Billy is told by his father to protect himself against a bully in school,Billy responds,"Hitting is not allowed." Billy is demonstrating which concept?