Exam 12: Development Over the Lifespan

With which of the following statements regarding cognitive development would Jean Piaget most likely agree?

Harlow presented infant monkeys with two "surrogate mothers." One was a bare wire cylinder with a feeding bottle while the other was a wire cylinder covered with a soft terry cloth with no feeding bottle.The results of his experiments revealed that:

When researchers use a cross-sectional design,they typically find that both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline relatively early in life,but they often find that both of these abilities remain stable until much later in life when they use a(n)___________ design.

A teenager who says to herself that nobody else could possibly comprehend the struggles and difficulties she has been through is best demonstrating one of the two presumed parts of adolescent egocentrism called:

Research has found that while classification of temperament traits can be relatively stable over age,classification can vary depending on context and observers.

An infant is born with facial irregularities and a small,malformed brain.As the child grows up,she shows symptoms of mental retardation and tends to be both irritable and hostile.It is most likely that this infant's abnormalities are a function of her mother's prenatal exposure to:

A child in the concrete operational stage would typically state that he would place a hypothetical third eye:

Experiments assessing the causal relationship between brain maturation and social-emotional behaviour:

At this stage of psychosocial development in Erik Erikson's model,how a person's needs are met and how much love they receive determine the amount of faith that they have in the world.This stage is called:

Before four-year-old Pat rode a tricycle,Pat believed it was the wind that caused tricycles to move.When Pat rode a tricycle for the first time,Pat discovered it was peddling that moved the tricycle.Pat changed his schema about how tricycles move through the process of ________________.

Cross-cultural studies suggest that both stranger and separation anxiety show highly similar patterns in different cultures.

Infants show a visual preference for solid colours over patterns.

Trang is participating in an attachment experiment involving the strange situation.When his mother is present with the stranger,Trang explores the room and is friendly with the stranger.However,when the mother leaves,he becomes upset and starts to cry.When she returns,Trang happily greets her and then returns to his previous explorations.Trang would most likely be classified as a(n)_______________ child.

Michael is playing ball with his father when the ball rolls under the sofa.Michael turns his attention to another toy,not even attempting to look under the sofa for the ball.Piaget would say that Michael has:

A researcher is interested in how self-esteem varies across the lifespan and decides to conduct a survey comparing people of different ages to address this issue.He recruits participants to be in one of four different age groups: 20 to 29,30 to 39,40 to 49,and 50 to 59.He has them complete a self-esteem survey,and then analyzes the data to see whether any patterns emerge.This study would be considered an example of a:

A child who makes moral decisions based on the desire to gain people's approval is most likely in Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning.

Your grandmother is just about to have her 77^th birthday.According to results from studies examining the information-processing changes that occur with age,which of the following areas would you expect to be least impaired by the process of aging?

A wide variety of environmental agents that cause abnormalities in prenatal development are called:

The zone of proximal development is a concept reflecting the difference between what a child can do independently with what she can do with assistance.

When Amy's infant daughter starts to crawl,she primarily uses her arms to help herself.After she masters this new way of moving around the room,she starts relying on her legs to help herself more in the crawling process.From a developmental standpoint,the way Amy's daughter starts with her arms and then adds the use of her legs follows the ____________ principle.