Question 1

Which is true about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential?

Accepted Answer

A) The electrical gradient is in a direction that would tend to move K+ out of the cell. 
B)  The concentration gradient for K+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. 
C) The concentration gradient for K+ greatly increases compared to at rest. 
D) The concentration gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it out of the cell. 
E) The electrical gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. 
A) The electrical gradient is in a direction that would tend to move K+ out of the cell. 
B)  The concentration gradient for K+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. 
C) The concentration gradient for K+ greatly increases compared to at rest. 
D) The concentration gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it out of the cell. 
E) The electrical gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell.

Question 2

A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to:

Accepted Answer

A) trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential. 
B) cause a change in membrane potential. 
C) trigger an action potential. 
D) be conducted to the axon hillock. 
E) depolarize a dendrite. 
A) trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential. 
B) cause a change in membrane potential. 
C) trigger an action potential. 
D) be conducted to the axon hillock. 
E) depolarize a dendrite.

Question 3

Which describes the response of the voltage-gated channels when an axon is stimulated to threshold?

Accepted Answer

A) K+ channels open before the Na+ channels. 
B) Na+ channels are activated and then inactivated. 
C) K+ channels open at the same time as the Na+ channels. 
D) K+ channels are opened when Na+ binds to the channel. 
E) K+ influx causes Na+ channels to inactivate. 
A) K+ channels open before the Na+ channels. 
B) Na+ channels are activated and then inactivated. 
C) K+ channels open at the same time as the Na+ channels. 
D) K+ channels are opened when Na+ binds to the channel. 
E) K+ influx causes Na+ channels to inactivate.

Question 4

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

Accepted Answer

A) a receptor potential in a sensory receptor cell 
B) a depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 
C) a hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 
D) a depolarizing pacemaker potential 
E) a depolarizing action potential 
A) a receptor potential in a sensory receptor cell 
B) a depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 
C) a hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 
D) a depolarizing pacemaker potential 
E) a depolarizing action potential

Question 5

Which of the following is/are functions of the human nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A)  receiving,storing,and processing information on the internal and external environments 
B) bringing about changes in physiology and/or behavior to ensure optimal functions of homeostatic mechanisms 
C) secretion of hormones 
D) coordination of movement 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A)  receiving,storing,and processing information on the internal and external environments 
B) bringing about changes in physiology and/or behavior to ensure optimal functions of homeostatic mechanisms 
C) secretion of hormones 
D) coordination of movement 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Opioid drugs,such as morphine,are agonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The central nervous system includes the:

Accepted Answer

A) afferent nerves and spinal cord. 
B) efferent nerves and spinal cord. 
C) autonomic nervous system and the brain. 
D) brain stem and the autonomic nervous system. 
E) brain and spinal cord. 
A) afferent nerves and spinal cord. 
B) efferent nerves and spinal cord. 
C) autonomic nervous system and the brain. 
D) brain stem and the autonomic nervous system. 
E) brain and spinal cord.

Question 8

The equilibrium potential of K+ ions in nerve cells is about -90 mV.The membrane potential of typical nerve cells at rest is -70 mV.Therefore

Accepted Answer

A) Increasing the permeability of a resting neuronal membrane to K+ will make the membrane potential more negative inside with respect to outside. 
B) In resting neurons,there is a net diffusion of K+ into the cell. 
C)  changing the resting membrane potential of a neuron to -80 mV would increase K+ diffusion rate out of the cell. 
D)  potassium is the only permanent ion at rest. 
E)  there must be another permanent ion with an equilibrium potential more negative than -90 mV. 
A) Increasing the permeability of a resting neuronal membrane to K+ will make the membrane potential more negative inside with respect to outside. 
B) In resting neurons,there is a net diffusion of K+ into the cell. 
C)  changing the resting membrane potential of a neuron to -80 mV would increase K+ diffusion rate out of the cell. 
D)  potassium is the only permanent ion at rest. 
E)  there must be another permanent ion with an equilibrium potential more negative than -90 mV.

Question 9

Neuronal axons typically have abundant

Accepted Answer

A) voltage-gated channels for Na+ that open in response to depolarization. 
B) voltage-gated channels for K+ that open in response to hyperpolarization. 
C) receptor-mediated channels for Na+. 
D) receptor-mediated channels for K+. 
E) voltage-gated channels for Ca2+. 
A) voltage-gated channels for Na+ that open in response to depolarization. 
B) voltage-gated channels for K+ that open in response to hyperpolarization. 
C) receptor-mediated channels for Na+. 
D) receptor-mediated channels for K+. 
E) voltage-gated channels for Ca2+.

Question 10

The cerebrum consists only of gray matter.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Synthesis of neuropeptides differs from that of other neurotransmitters because it:

Accepted Answer

A) takes place in the axon terminals of neurons. 
B) takes place in the cell bodies of neurons. 
C) takes place on ribosomes in the postsynaptic cell's membrane. 
D) uses amino acids as precursor molecules. 
E) only takes place at synapses outside the central nervous system. 
A) takes place in the axon terminals of neurons. 
B) takes place in the cell bodies of neurons. 
C) takes place on ribosomes in the postsynaptic cell's membrane. 
D) uses amino acids as precursor molecules. 
E) only takes place at synapses outside the central nervous system.

Question 12

Which best describes the reticular formation of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A) It is mainly involved in motor coordination and balance. 
B) It is the master endocrine gland of the brain. 
C) It is primarily responsible for visual perception. 
D) It integrates information from all regions of the CNS,and incorporates the mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness. 
E) It is the primary synaptic relay station for sensory information entering the CNS. 
A) It is mainly involved in motor coordination and balance. 
B) It is the master endocrine gland of the brain. 
C) It is primarily responsible for visual perception. 
D) It integrates information from all regions of the CNS,and incorporates the mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness. 
E) It is the primary synaptic relay station for sensory information entering the CNS.

Question 13

Which of the following kinds of neurons is not generally cholinergic?

Accepted Answer

A) somatic motor neurons 
B) postganglionic sympathetic neurons 
C) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons 
D) preganglionic sympathetic neurons 
E) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons 
A) somatic motor neurons 
B) postganglionic sympathetic neurons 
C) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons 
D) preganglionic sympathetic neurons 
E) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Question 14

At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons,

Accepted Answer

A) there is increased permeability of the postsynaptic cell to both Na+ and K+. 
B) a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs when the synapse is activated. 
C) an action potential in the presynaptic neuron always causes an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. 
D) excitation occurs because K+ enters the postsynaptic cell. 
E) action potentials spread through gap junctions between cells. 
A) there is increased permeability of the postsynaptic cell to both Na+ and K+. 
B) a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs when the synapse is activated. 
C) an action potential in the presynaptic neuron always causes an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. 
D) excitation occurs because K+ enters the postsynaptic cell. 
E) action potentials spread through gap junctions between cells.

Question 15

An EPSP:

Accepted Answer

A) is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. 
B) is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. 
C) stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential. 
D) opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane. 
E) occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane. 
A) is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. 
B) is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. 
C) stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential. 
D) opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane. 
E) occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

Question 16

Which of the following is not true of glial cells?

Accepted Answer

A) They form the myelin for axons. 
B) Neurons outnumber glial cells 10 to 1 in the nervous system. 
C) They deliver fuel molecules to neurons and remove the waste products of metabolism. 
D) They are important for the growth and development of the nervous system. 
E) They regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS. 
A) They form the myelin for axons. 
B) Neurons outnumber glial cells 10 to 1 in the nervous system. 
C) They deliver fuel molecules to neurons and remove the waste products of metabolism. 
D) They are important for the growth and development of the nervous system. 
E) They regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS.

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding action potentials generated in a neuronal membrane is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) Action potentials travel decrementally down the membrane. 
B) An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane. 
C) An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential. 
D) Action potentials are usually initiated at the initial segment of a neuron. 
E) An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus. 
A) Action potentials travel decrementally down the membrane. 
B) An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane. 
C) An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential. 
D) Action potentials are usually initiated at the initial segment of a neuron. 
E) An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Accepted Answer

A) Preganglionic neurons tend to be long,with the ganglion located in or near the effector target tissue(s). 
B) Preganglionic neurons are short and synapse in ganglia located near the spinal cord. 
C) Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine at synapses with postganglionic neurons. 
D) Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine at their neuroeffector junctions. 
E) Postganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the collateral chain ganglia (sympathetic trunk). 
A) Preganglionic neurons tend to be long,with the ganglion located in or near the effector target tissue(s). 
B) Preganglionic neurons are short and synapse in ganglia located near the spinal cord. 
C) Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine at synapses with postganglionic neurons. 
D) Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine at their neuroeffector junctions. 
E) Postganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the collateral chain ganglia (sympathetic trunk).

Question 19

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which is not true of myelin?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a fatty membranous sheath. 
B) It is formed by glial cells. 
C) It influences the velocity of conduction of an electrical signal down an axon. 
D)  It covers all parts of the neuron,including the axon,cell body,and dendrites. 
A) It is a fatty membranous sheath. 
B) It is formed by glial cells. 
C) It influences the velocity of conduction of an electrical signal down an axon. 
D)  It covers all parts of the neuron,including the axon,cell body,and dendrites.

Which is true about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential?

A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to:

Which describes the response of the voltage-gated channels when an axon is stimulated to threshold?

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

Which of the following is/are functions of the human nervous system?

Opioid drugs,such as morphine,are agonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

The central nervous system includes the:

The equilibrium potential of K⁺ ions in nerve cells is about -90 mV.The membrane potential of typical nerve cells at rest is -70 mV.Therefore

Neuronal axons typically have abundant

The cerebrum consists only of gray matter.

Synthesis of neuropeptides differs from that of other neurotransmitters because it:

Which best describes the reticular formation of the brain?

Which of the following kinds of neurons is not generally cholinergic?

At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons,

An EPSP:

Which of the following is not true of glial cells?

Which of the following statements regarding action potentials generated in a neuronal membrane is not true?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

Which is not true of myelin?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

Defense Mechanisms of the Body

Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases

Filters

Exam 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Which is true about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential?

A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to:

Which describes the response of the voltage-gated channels when an axon is stimulated to threshold?

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

Which of the following is/are functions of the human nervous system?

Opioid drugs,such as morphine,are agonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

The central nervous system includes the:

The equilibrium potential of K+ ions in nerve cells is about -90 mV.The membrane potential of typical nerve cells at rest is -70 mV.Therefore

Neuronal axons typically have abundant

The cerebrum consists only of gray matter.

Synthesis of neuropeptides differs from that of other neurotransmitters because it:

Which best describes the reticular formation of the brain?

Which of the following kinds of neurons is not generally cholinergic?

At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons,

An EPSP:

Which of the following is not true of glial cells?

Which of the following statements regarding action potentials generated in a neuronal membrane is not true?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

Which is not true of myelin?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

Defense Mechanisms of the Body

Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases

Filters

The equilibrium potential of K⁺ ions in nerve cells is about -90 mV.The membrane potential of typical nerve cells at rest is -70 mV.Therefore