Exam 8: Introduction-To-Design

​When the tests (or observers)used on the posttest and the pretest differ,there is a(n)____ threat.

​Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.She notices that Rudy does not hide in response to other loud noises,if,for example,she drops a cast iron pan in the kitchen.In experimental terms,Pat has observed ____.

​What social threat to internal validity occurs when one group knows about the program another group is receiving and,because of that,develops a competitive attitude with the other group?

​_______________ is the only social interaction threat that primarily involves the people who help manage the research context rather than the participants themselves.

​What is internal validity and why does it matter?

​Laura works at a local shelter for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.She sees an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that features two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services.She wants to give hope to the teens she works with and arranges for them to see the documentary.After they watch it,she has them all complete an instrument that assesses their hopes for the future.This is an example of a(n)____.

​What social threat to internal validity occurs when the control group is given a program or treatment (usually by a well-meaning third party)designed to make up for the treatment the program group receives?

​Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy,hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.Her friend Gregg points out that there are other changes associated with thunder,including changes in barometric pressure.Gregg has pointed out a(n)____.

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development. -​This week,the Green Team has won some special exercise training.Somehow,a Blue Team member manages to observe the training session and shares the training with the rest of the Blue Team.This is classified as ____.

​What social threat to internal validity occurs when the comparison group knows what the program group is getting,and instead of developing a rivalry,control group members become discouraged or angry and give up?

​Laura and Beatrice work at two different shelters for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.They have both shown their clients an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that features two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services.Their clients became much more hopeful about their own futures after seeing the documentary.Word has gotten around about the documentary,and several of their mutual friends want to schedule showings of it.Rosa works at two different facilities,and decides to administer the instrument assessing hopefulness to both of the facilities,show the documentary at one facility,and then administer the assessment again at that facility.This is an example of a(n)____.

​In _______________,participants in the comparison group know what the program group is getting and,instead of developing a rivalry,the group members become discouraged or angry and give up.

​Laura works at a local shelter for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.She showed them an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that featured two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services,and they became much more hopeful about their own futures.She is sharing this with Beatrice,a friend in another city who also works with high risk teens.Beatrice is a bit more cautious,and decides to randomly create two groups of teens at her facility.She shows one group the inspirational documentary,while the other group simply goes about their usual activities.After the treatment group has viewed the documentary,she has both groups of teens complete the instrument assessing how positively they view their futures.This is an example of a(n)____.

​ Figure TB 8-2 -​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

​When an effect occurs when the proposed cause occurs,but the effect does not occur when the proposed cause has not occurred,____ has been demonstrated.

​A group comparable in every way possible to your experimental group except that it does not receive the program is called a(n)____ group.

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development. -​The Green Team has won fourteen weeks in a row,and a production assistant from the television show feels absolutely awful about it.He begins to secretly pass the Blue Team the information being given to the Green Team,even providing them with exercise videos and special recipes.This is classified as ____.

​ Figure TB 8-6 -​What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

​When taking the pretest affects how participants do on the posttest,there is a(n)____ threat.

​When a researcher rules out plausible alternative explanations,the researcher is establishing internal validity.