Exam 5: Attitudes: Evaluating and Responding to the Social World

We live in an age of "certainty" among our elected officials--many politicians claim to have the perfect panaceas for our ills,and to be certain of what political satirist and comedian Stephen Colbert might call the "truth-i-ness" of their attitudes.Link your description of the components of certainty,and how those components are generally strengthened,to the particular circumstances that might cause elected officials to become ever more certain of their attitudes.

If we form an attitude by watching television,this is called ________ learning.

In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic cognitive dissonance experiment,dissonance arises because the participant,having completed the behavior s/he's been induced to perform,feels he has ________ the behavior in the ________ condition,compared to the ________ condition.

Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent," and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations.

An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.

Messages that provide a preliminary announcement that the message is intended to change our opinion are ________.

Briefly describe cognitive dissonance theory.

In your search for a car to buy,you encounter a possible car of Brand X.A friend,at one point,had confided that she had had a bad experience with Brand X--it was a lemon.You remember what she said,but you do not focus on it much,and soon you are evaluating the car without thinking of it.What circumstance would likely increase your feelings of suspicion about the car you are considering?

Being forewarned of the persuasive intent of a message will frequently help people to resist the effects of the message.This is because forewarning ________.

Subliminal conditioning is ________.

Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans,and severely penalize those who do not recycle.The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language.As a result,Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments.She may be experiencing ________.

An anti-smoking advertisement that features photographs of diseased lungs,people using oxygen tanks to offset the effects of lung disease,and funerals,but does not include information about quitting smoking,is likely to be ineffective because it will probably ________.

Forewarning does not act to prevent persuasion when people are ________.

The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________.

Describe and explain the cognitive processes underlying persuasion.

Communicators who are ________ and attractive are generally more effective than those who are not.

In LaPiere's classic study,a young Chinese couple traveled across the U.S.A.and reported being treated courteously at virtually every restaurant and hotel.A follow-up survey asking for attitudes toward Chinese travelers found that ________.

The ________ route to persuasion involves carefully thinking about the ideas presented in a message,and then drawing conclusions based on that information.

Counterarguments against a persuasive message are most likely to ________.

Explain the study in which researchers explored ego depletion effects on persuasion.