Question 1

Which of the following most accurately summarizes an important point of controversy that has been debated among researchers who study reconstructive memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some believe that post-event information actually alters a witness's real memory,whereas others believe it affects only the reporting of the memory. 
B)  Some believe that post-event information can bias an eyewitness's reporting of an event,whereas others believe that only information that is learned during acquisition can bias an eyewitness's reporting. 
C)  Some believe that scientific jury selection is an effective way to reduce the chances that jurors will be biased by reconstructive memory,whereas others believe that this strategy is unethical. 
D)  Some believe that the use of peremptory challenges leads to false memories,whereas others believe it helps ensure accurate memories. 
A)  Some believe that post-event information actually alters a witness's real memory,whereas others believe it affects only the reporting of the memory. 
B)  Some believe that post-event information can bias an eyewitness's reporting of an event,whereas others believe that only information that is learned during acquisition can bias an eyewitness's reporting. 
C)  Some believe that scientific jury selection is an effective way to reduce the chances that jurors will be biased by reconstructive memory,whereas others believe that this strategy is unethical. 
D)  Some believe that the use of peremptory challenges leads to false memories,whereas others believe it helps ensure accurate memories. A

Question 2

Relative to large juries,why do smaller juries often spend less time deliberating?

Accepted Answer

A)  because they are less likely to support a minority position 
B)  because they are more likely to have a male foreperson 
C)  because they are less inclined to reach a unanimous verdict 
D)  because they are not used in trials involving complex decisions 
A)  because they are less likely to support a minority position 
B)  because they are more likely to have a male foreperson 
C)  because they are less inclined to reach a unanimous verdict 
D)  because they are not used in trials involving complex decisions A

Question 3

Jesse has just witnessed a brutal assault.In his highly aroused state,what is Jesse is likely to focus on?

Accepted Answer

A)  the exit path of the attacker 
B)  the weapon 
C)  the crime scene 
D)  the other witnesses 
A)  the exit path of the attacker 
B)  the weapon 
C)  the crime scene 
D)  the other witnesses B

Question 4

What has research on pretrial publicity demonstrated about bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  It tends to produce bias in favour of the defendant and people will be well aware of this bias. 
B)  It tends to produce bias in favour of the defendant,though people will not realize they are biased. 
C)  It tends to produce bias against the defendant,and people will be well aware of this bias. 
D)  It tends to produce bias against the defendant,though people will not realize they are biased. 
A)  It tends to produce bias in favour of the defendant and people will be well aware of this bias. 
B)  It tends to produce bias in favour of the defendant,though people will not realize they are biased. 
C)  It tends to produce bias against the defendant,and people will be well aware of this bias. 
D)  It tends to produce bias against the defendant,though people will not realize they are biased.

Question 5

Police interrogators often use minimizing techniques to secure confessions.Which of the following is one such tactic?

Accepted Answer

A)  expressing certainty in the suspect's guilt 
B)  claiming to have an eyewitness to the crime 
C)  showing sympathy and understanding 
D)  minimizing the suspect by showing their own superiority 
A)  expressing certainty in the suspect's guilt 
B)  claiming to have an eyewitness to the crime 
C)  showing sympathy and understanding 
D)  minimizing the suspect by showing their own superiority

Question 6

With respect to lineup identification,in which of the following situations do eyewitnesses tend to be less accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  when there are six foils present in the lineup 
B)  when the suspect is of the same race as the witness 
C)  when the witness is informed that the suspect may be in the lineup 
D)  when the suspect and the foils are viewed one at a time 
A)  when there are six foils present in the lineup 
B)  when the suspect is of the same race as the witness 
C)  when the witness is informed that the suspect may be in the lineup 
D)  when the suspect and the foils are viewed one at a time

Question 7

What is one recent,and potentially promising,alternative to polygraph tests?

Accepted Answer

A)  measures of electrical activity in the muscles 
B)  response time to answer crime-relevant questions 
C)  measures of body temperature fluctuations 
D)  use of hypnosis before interrogation 
A)  measures of electrical activity in the muscles 
B)  response time to answer crime-relevant questions 
C)  measures of body temperature fluctuations 
D)  use of hypnosis before interrogation

Question 8

According to research with mock jurors,in which of the following situations are jurors most likely to comprehend judges' conventional instructions relatively well?

Accepted Answer

A)  when these instructions are accompanied by graphs 
B)  when these instructions are presented by the lawyers rather than by the judge 
C)  when these instructions are given first to the jury foreperson,who then passes them along to the rest of the jury 
D)  when these instructions are rewritten in plain words 
A)  when these instructions are accompanied by graphs 
B)  when these instructions are presented by the lawyers rather than by the judge 
C)  when these instructions are given first to the jury foreperson,who then passes them along to the rest of the jury 
D)  when these instructions are rewritten in plain words

Question 9

Eighteen-year-old André has been accused of statutory rape because he had sex with his 15-year-old girlfriend,who is considered a minor.When the case goes to trial,the prosecution presents evidence confirming that André broke the law,yet the jurors vote "not guilty" because they feel the law is outdated What does the jury's action illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  jury challenge 
B)  internalization 
C)  sentencing disparity 
D)  jury nullification 
A)  jury challenge 
B)  internalization 
C)  sentencing disparity 
D)  jury nullification

Question 10

Melinda is accused of embezzling funds from her employer.During a polygraph test,she is asked if she ever lied as a child.What is this question is an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  a control question 
B)  a crime-relevant question 
C)  a peremptory challenge 
D)  a reconstructive memory 
A)  a control question 
B)  a crime-relevant question 
C)  a peremptory challenge 
D)  a reconstructive memory

Question 11

Which of the following is one reason judges' instructions tend to have little impact on jurors?

Accepted Answer

A)  The instructions typically come before the evidence is presented,increasing the likelihood that the jurors will forget them. 
B)  The jurors often find the instructions incomprehensible,leading to misunderstandings and confusion. 
C)  The jurors frequently consider the instructions to be irrelevant to the trial,leading them to experience reactance. 
D)  The jurors generally prefer to avoid jury nullification. 
A)  The instructions typically come before the evidence is presented,increasing the likelihood that the jurors will forget them. 
B)  The jurors often find the instructions incomprehensible,leading to misunderstandings and confusion. 
C)  The jurors frequently consider the instructions to be irrelevant to the trial,leading them to experience reactance. 
D)  The jurors generally prefer to avoid jury nullification.

Question 12

Which model of justice is practised in the court rooms of most countries in the world?

Accepted Answer

A)  adversarial model 
B)  inquisitorial model 
C)  probabilistic model 
D)  logical-deductive model 
A)  adversarial model 
B)  inquisitorial model 
C)  probabilistic model 
D)  logical-deductive model

Question 13

What is the term for jurors' power to disregard the law when it conflicts with their personal conceptions of justice?

Accepted Answer

A)  jury challenge for cause 
B)  jury nullification 
C)  sentencing disparity 
D)  jury overruling 
A)  jury challenge for cause 
B)  jury nullification 
C)  sentencing disparity 
D)  jury overruling

Question 14

Harwin is hooked up to a mechanical instrument that records his heart rate,blood pressure,breathing,and sweat gland activity.What is Harwin being subjected to?

Accepted Answer

A)  a polygraph test 
B)  an internalized interrogation 
C)  the voir dire process 
D)  a bogus pipeline 
A)  a polygraph test 
B)  an internalized interrogation 
C)  the voir dire process 
D)  a bogus pipeline

Question 15

Brandon is a juror in a murder trial in which both the prosecution and defence are relying on eyewitnesses.Which of the following is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

A)  Brandon will be able to distinguish those eyewitnesses who are accurate from those who are not. 
B)  Brandon will judge eyewitnesses who appear confident to be more accurate than those who appear less confident. 
C)  Brandon will underestimate the accuracy of all of the eyewitnesses. 
D)  Brandon will understand the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy enough to determine whether an eyewitness is biased. 
A)  Brandon will be able to distinguish those eyewitnesses who are accurate from those who are not. 
B)  Brandon will judge eyewitnesses who appear confident to be more accurate than those who appear less confident. 
C)  Brandon will underestimate the accuracy of all of the eyewitnesses. 
D)  Brandon will understand the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy enough to determine whether an eyewitness is biased.

Question 16

In which of the following situations do judges' instructions to juries have the greatest impact?

Accepted Answer

A)  when the prosecution of the defendant conflicts with jurors' notions of justice 
B)  when each juror receives a written copy of the instructions at the end of the trial 
C)  when they are delivered verbally after the evidence has been presented 
D)  when they are delivered in plain language prior to the presentation of evidence 
A)  when the prosecution of the defendant conflicts with jurors' notions of justice 
B)  when each juror receives a written copy of the instructions at the end of the trial 
C)  when they are delivered verbally after the evidence has been presented 
D)  when they are delivered in plain language prior to the presentation of evidence

Question 17

Why do jurors often fail to adequately discount coerced confessions?

Accepted Answer

A)  because of the positive coercion bias 
B)  because of the fundamental attribution error 
C)  because of a sentencing disparity 
D)  because of reconstructive memory 
A)  because of the positive coercion bias 
B)  because of the fundamental attribution error 
C)  because of a sentencing disparity 
D)  because of reconstructive memory

Question 18

Why are men more likely than women to be selected as jury foreperson?

Accepted Answer

A)  because men are more likely than women to speak first in deliberations 
B)  because men are more likely to be selected to serve as members of juries in the first place 
C)  because men are more likely than women to intimidate other jury members 
D)  because jurors' implicit personality theories suggest that men make better forepersons 
A)  because men are more likely than women to speak first in deliberations 
B)  because men are more likely to be selected to serve as members of juries in the first place 
C)  because men are more likely than women to intimidate other jury members 
D)  because jurors' implicit personality theories suggest that men make better forepersons

Question 19

What may lawyers use to dismiss prospective jurors without having to justify their dismissal?

Accepted Answer

A)  jury nullification 
B)  sentencing disparity 
C)  peremptory challenges 
D)  normative influence 
A)  jury nullification 
B)  sentencing disparity 
C)  peremptory challenges 
D)  normative influence

Question 20

Prida has witnessed a violent crime involving a knife.Research suggests that he will be less likely to identify the culprit than in a situation where no knife was present.Why is this so?

Accepted Answer

A)  because Prida will be less aroused 
B)  because Prida will focus more on the victim 
C)  because Prida will spend more time looking at the knife 
D)  because Prida will be too afraid to remember anything accurately 
A)  because Prida will be less aroused 
B)  because Prida will focus more on the victim 
C)  because Prida will spend more time looking at the knife 
D)  because Prida will be too afraid to remember anything accurately

Which of the following most accurately summarizes an important point of controversy that has been debated among researchers who study reconstructive memory?

Relative to large juries,why do smaller juries often spend less time deliberating?

Jesse has just witnessed a brutal assault.In his highly aroused state,what is Jesse is likely to focus on?

What has research on pretrial publicity demonstrated about bias?

Police interrogators often use minimizing techniques to secure confessions.Which of the following is one such tactic?

With respect to lineup identification,in which of the following situations do eyewitnesses tend to be less accurate?

What is one recent,and potentially promising,alternative to polygraph tests?

According to research with mock jurors,in which of the following situations are jurors most likely to comprehend judges' conventional instructions relatively well?

Melinda is accused of embezzling funds from her employer.During a polygraph test,she is asked if she ever lied as a child.What is this question is an example of?

Which of the following is one reason judges' instructions tend to have little impact on jurors?

Which model of justice is practised in the court rooms of most countries in the world?

What is the term for jurors' power to disregard the law when it conflicts with their personal conceptions of justice?

Harwin is hooked up to a mechanical instrument that records his heart rate,blood pressure,breathing,and sweat gland activity.What is Harwin being subjected to?

Brandon is a juror in a murder trial in which both the prosecution and defence are relying on eyewitnesses.Which of the following is most likely to happen?

In which of the following situations do judges' instructions to juries have the greatest impact?

Why do jurors often fail to adequately discount coerced confessions?

Why are men more likely than women to be selected as jury foreperson?

What may lawyers use to dismiss prospective jurors without having to justify their dismissal?

Prida has witnessed a violent crime involving a knife.Research suggests that he will be less likely to identify the culprit than in a situation where no knife was present.Why is this so?

Introduction

Doing Social Psychology Research

The Social Self

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes,prejudice,and Discrimination

Attitudes

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Health

Filters

Exam 12: Law

Which of the following most accurately summarizes an important point of controversy that has been debated among researchers who study reconstructive memory?

Relative to large juries,why do smaller juries often spend less time deliberating?

Jesse has just witnessed a brutal assault.In his highly aroused state,what is Jesse is likely to focus on?

What has research on pretrial publicity demonstrated about bias?

Police interrogators often use minimizing techniques to secure confessions.Which of the following is one such tactic?

With respect to lineup identification,in which of the following situations do eyewitnesses tend to be less accurate?

What is one recent,and potentially promising,alternative to polygraph tests?

According to research with mock jurors,in which of the following situations are jurors most likely to comprehend judges' conventional instructions relatively well?

Melinda is accused of embezzling funds from her employer.During a polygraph test,she is asked if she ever lied as a child.What is this question is an example of?

Which of the following is one reason judges' instructions tend to have little impact on jurors?

Which model of justice is practised in the court rooms of most countries in the world?

What is the term for jurors' power to disregard the law when it conflicts with their personal conceptions of justice?

Harwin is hooked up to a mechanical instrument that records his heart rate,blood pressure,breathing,and sweat gland activity.What is Harwin being subjected to?

Brandon is a juror in a murder trial in which both the prosecution and defence are relying on eyewitnesses.Which of the following is most likely to happen?

In which of the following situations do judges' instructions to juries have the greatest impact?

Why do jurors often fail to adequately discount coerced confessions?

Why are men more likely than women to be selected as jury foreperson?

What may lawyers use to dismiss prospective jurors without having to justify their dismissal?

Prida has witnessed a violent crime involving a knife.Research suggests that he will be less likely to identify the culprit than in a situation where no knife was present.Why is this so?

Introduction

Doing Social Psychology Research

The Social Self

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes,prejudice,and Discrimination

Attitudes

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Health

Filters