Question 1

Based on Infographic 1.7,which statement is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parkinson's disease is caused by drinking too much coffee. 
B)  Parkinson's disease is reduced by drinking coffee. 
C)  Japanese male coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than Japanese males who do not drink coffee. 
D)  Japanese coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than Japanese who do not drink coffee. 
E)  There is no link between caffeine and Parkinson's disease. 
A)  Parkinson's disease is caused by drinking too much coffee. 
B)  Parkinson's disease is reduced by drinking coffee. 
C)  Japanese male coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than Japanese males who do not drink coffee. 
D)  Japanese coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than Japanese who do not drink coffee. 
E)  There is no link between caffeine and Parkinson's disease. C

Question 2

All of the following are true of a scientific hypothesis EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  it is an opinion. 
B)  it is an educated guess to explain an observation. 
C)  there must be a way to test the hypothesis. 
D)  there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could prove your hypothesis wrong. 
E)  there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could support your hypothesis. 
A)  it is an opinion. 
B)  it is an educated guess to explain an observation. 
C)  there must be a way to test the hypothesis. 
D)  there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could prove your hypothesis wrong. 
E)  there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could support your hypothesis. A

Question 3

Use the following information to answer this question:
A scientific study looked at the effect of tanning beds on DNA damage.The scientists took skin cells and exposed them to UV radiation (the type used in indoor tanning beds)for different lengths of time: some for 1 minute,some for 5 minutes,some for 15 minutes,and some for 30 minutes.They then looked for signs of DNA damage and compared the results to cells that had never been exposed to UV light.
What is the control in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of skin cells 
B)  the type of light 
C)  the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light 
D)  the untreated cells 
E)  the amount of DNA damage in the cells 
A)  the number of skin cells 
B)  the type of light 
C)  the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light 
D)  the untreated cells 
E)  the amount of DNA damage in the cells D

Question 4

You are reviewing the results of five similar experiments,but each had a different sample size.Which of the following experiments has the most reliable results?

Accepted Answer

A)  the experiment with a sample size of 10 
B)  the experiment with a sample size of 100 
C)  the experiment with a sample size of 1,000 
D)  the experiment with a sample size of 10,000 
E)  the experiment with a sample size of 100,000 
A)  the experiment with a sample size of 10 
B)  the experiment with a sample size of 100 
C)  the experiment with a sample size of 1,000 
D)  the experiment with a sample size of 10,000 
E)  the experiment with a sample size of 100,000

Question 5

An epidemiologist looks at a compilation of studies done at a medical center in which they have catalogued the lifestyle and habits of thousands of women.When she looks at the women in this group who have contracted breast cancer versus those who are healthy,she finds that women who have breast cancer drink more milk then those who do not have cancer.Does this mean drinking milk causes breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,if there is a correlation between the two,milk causes cancer. 
B)  Yes,an epidemiologist uses statistics to look at populations,so it is not a coincidence. 
C)  No,just because there is a correlation,it does not mean that milk is the cause of the cancer. 
D)  No,it's just a coincidence;correlations never indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  Yes,if there is a correlation between the two,milk causes cancer. 
B)  Yes,an epidemiologist uses statistics to look at populations,so it is not a coincidence. 
C)  No,just because there is a correlation,it does not mean that milk is the cause of the cancer. 
D)  No,it's just a coincidence;correlations never indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 6

Pitfall(s)to avoid from the analysis of data from single epidemiological studies is/are

Accepted Answer

A)  nonrandomized subjects. 
B)  too small of a sample size. 
C)  disease complexity. 
D)  lack of proper controls. 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  nonrandomized subjects. 
B)  too small of a sample size. 
C)  disease complexity. 
D)  lack of proper controls. 
E)  All of the above.

Question 7

In designing a scientific research project,the ideal control group should

Accepted Answer

A)  be identical to the placebo group. 
B)  be identical to the experimental group but receive the placebo. 
C)  receive the placebo or receive no experimental manipulation. 
D)  be identical to the experimental group. 
E)  be identical to the independent variable. 
A)  be identical to the placebo group. 
B)  be identical to the experimental group but receive the placebo. 
C)  receive the placebo or receive no experimental manipulation. 
D)  be identical to the experimental group. 
E)  be identical to the independent variable.

Question 8

A significant result from a scientific study indicates

Accepted Answer

A)  a statistical error. 
B)  it occurred by chance. 
C)  a positive result. 
D)  a negative result. 
E)  a nonrandom result. 
A)  a statistical error. 
B)  it occurred by chance. 
C)  a positive result. 
D)  a negative result. 
E)  a nonrandom result.

Question 9

From what you have read in this chapter,would you say a 21-year-old Caucasian female can count on caffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  yes,because the results of a peer-reviewed study showed that drinking caffeinated beverages reduced the risk of Parkinson disease 
B)  no,because participants in that peer-reviewed study were Japanese-American males;it cannot be inferred that the same results would hold for Caucasian females 
C)  no;she would have to restrict her consumption of coffee to decaffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson disease 
D)  yes;coffee is known to reverse the symptoms of Parkinson disease 
E)  There are no data on the relationship between drinking caffeinated beverages and Parkinson disease because it would be unethical to conduct such an epidemiological study. 
A)  yes,because the results of a peer-reviewed study showed that drinking caffeinated beverages reduced the risk of Parkinson disease 
B)  no,because participants in that peer-reviewed study were Japanese-American males;it cannot be inferred that the same results would hold for Caucasian females 
C)  no;she would have to restrict her consumption of coffee to decaffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson disease 
D)  yes;coffee is known to reverse the symptoms of Parkinson disease 
E)  There are no data on the relationship between drinking caffeinated beverages and Parkinson disease because it would be unethical to conduct such an epidemiological study.

Question 10

In the studies of coffee and memory discussed,the independent variable is _____ and the dependent variable is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  caffeinated coffee;decaffeinated coffee 
B)  memory;caffeinated coffee 
C)  caffeine;memory 
D)  memory;caffeine 
E)  decaffeinated coffee;caffeinated coffee 
A)  caffeinated coffee;decaffeinated coffee 
B)  memory;caffeinated coffee 
C)  caffeine;memory 
D)  memory;caffeine 
E)  decaffeinated coffee;caffeinated coffee

Question 11

A negative correlation in a scientific study means

Accepted Answer

A)  one variable causes a change in another variable. 
B)  one variable is linked to another variable. 
C)  one variable increases while the other decreases. 
D)  there is no link between the variables studied. 
E)  both variables decrease proportionately. 
A)  one variable causes a change in another variable. 
B)  one variable is linked to another variable. 
C)  one variable increases while the other decreases. 
D)  there is no link between the variables studied. 
E)  both variables decrease proportionately.

Question 12

In a controlled experiment usually only one factor is changed,which is the

Accepted Answer

A)  placebo. 
B)  controlled variable. 
C)  coordinate variable. 
D)  independent variable. 
E)  dependent variable. 
A)  placebo. 
B)  controlled variable. 
C)  coordinate variable. 
D)  independent variable. 
E)  dependent variable.

Question 13

Can an epidemiologist who finds a correlation between the use of tanning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer)in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,as long as the correlation was statistically significant. 
B)  Yes,but only for college-age women. 
C)  Yes,but only melanoma skin cancer,not other forms of skin cancer. 
D)  No,the correlation would have to hold with males and females and in different age groups. 
E)  No,correlation is not proof of causation. 
A)  Yes,as long as the correlation was statistically significant. 
B)  Yes,but only for college-age women. 
C)  Yes,but only melanoma skin cancer,not other forms of skin cancer. 
D)  No,the correlation would have to hold with males and females and in different age groups. 
E)  No,correlation is not proof of causation.

Question 14

In everyday usage,the word "theory" is used to mean an untested idea.Which of the following scientific terms is most similar to the everyday usage of "theory"?

Accepted Answer

A)  concept 
B)  conclusion 
C)  observation 
D)  hypothesis 
E)  theory 
A)  concept 
B)  conclusion 
C)  observation 
D)  hypothesis 
E)  theory

Question 15

Use the following information to answer this question:
A scientific study looked at the effect of tanning beds on DNA damage.The scientists took skin cells and exposed them to UV radiation (the type used in indoor tanning beds)for different lengths of time: some for 1 minute,some for 5 minutes,some for 15 minutes,and some for 30 minutes.They then looked for signs of DNA damage and compared the results to cells that had never been exposed to UV light.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of skin cells 
B)  the type of light 
C)  the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light 
D)  the untreated cells 
E)  the amount of DNA damage in the cells 
A)  the number of skin cells 
B)  the type of light 
C)  the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light 
D)  the untreated cells 
E)  the amount of DNA damage in the cells

Question 16

A positive correlation on a memory test and drinking coffee would show

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing coffee consumption correlates with increasing memory test score. 
B)  increasing coffee consumption correlates with increasing memory test score. 
C)  decreasing coffee consumption has no relationship to memory test score. 
D)  increasing coffee consumption correlates with decreasing memory test score. 
E)  no change on memory test score with or without coffee. 
A)  decreasing coffee consumption correlates with increasing memory test score. 
B)  increasing coffee consumption correlates with increasing memory test score. 
C)  decreasing coffee consumption has no relationship to memory test score. 
D)  increasing coffee consumption correlates with decreasing memory test score. 
E)  no change on memory test score with or without coffee.

Question 17

What are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  It must be realistic and have only one possible result. 
B)  It must have only one possible result and be peer reviewed. 
C)  It must be based on anecdotal evidence and be testable. 
D)  It must be based on peer-reviewed journal articles and be realistic. 
E)  It must be testable and falsifiable. 
A)  It must be realistic and have only one possible result. 
B)  It must have only one possible result and be peer reviewed. 
C)  It must be based on anecdotal evidence and be testable. 
D)  It must be based on peer-reviewed journal articles and be realistic. 
E)  It must be testable and falsifiable.

Question 18

All of the following are true of side effects EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  side effects may make data interpretation difficult. 
B)  side effects are unintended results. 
C)  side effects are usually considered problematic. 
D)  side effects always invalidate the results of the study. 
E)  side effects may vary from person to person. 
A)  side effects may make data interpretation difficult. 
B)  side effects are unintended results. 
C)  side effects are usually considered problematic. 
D)  side effects always invalidate the results of the study. 
E)  side effects may vary from person to person.

Question 19

I observe that squirrels that live in the southeastern United States are much thinner than squirrels that live in the northeastern part of the country.I theorize that this is because the squirrels that live in the northeast have greater fat reserves for the winter months when food is scarce.Is this a scientific theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,it is a good educated guess. 
B)  Yes,I am taking into consideration physiological reasons for their larger size,so it's scientific. 
C)  No,it's just a hypothesis;it has not been proven to be true through extensive experimentation or quantification. 
D)  No,it cannot be proven true. 
E)  Yes,I theorized it so it qualifies as a theory. 
A)  Yes,it is a good educated guess. 
B)  Yes,I am taking into consideration physiological reasons for their larger size,so it's scientific. 
C)  No,it's just a hypothesis;it has not been proven to be true through extensive experimentation or quantification. 
D)  No,it cannot be proven true. 
E)  Yes,I theorized it so it qualifies as a theory.

Question 20

A hypothesis is a statement that

Accepted Answer

A)  can be changed throughout the experiment. 
B)  can be avidly accepted by scientists. 
C)  can be tested and proven true. 
D)  can be tested and proven false. 
E)  precedes a theory. 
A)  can be changed throughout the experiment. 
B)  can be avidly accepted by scientists. 
C)  can be tested and proven true. 
D)  can be tested and proven false. 
E)  precedes a theory.

Exam 1: Process of Science

Based on Infographic 1.7,which statement is TRUE?

All of the following are true of a scientific hypothesis EXCEPT

You are reviewing the results of five similar experiments,but each had a different sample size.Which of the following experiments has the most reliable results?

Pitfall(s)to avoid from the analysis of data from single epidemiological studies is/are

In designing a scientific research project,the ideal control group should

A significant result from a scientific study indicates

From what you have read in this chapter,would you say a 21-year-old Caucasian female can count on caffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson disease?

In the studies of coffee and memory discussed,the independent variable is _____ and the dependent variable is _____.

A negative correlation in a scientific study means

In a controlled experiment usually only one factor is changed,which is the

Can an epidemiologist who finds a correlation between the use of tanning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer)in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer?

In everyday usage,the word "theory" is used to mean an untested idea.Which of the following scientific terms is most similar to the everyday usage of "theory"?

A positive correlation on a memory test and drinking coffee would show

What are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

All of the following are true of side effects EXCEPT

A hypothesis is a statement that

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In the studies of coffee and memory discussed,the independent variable is _ and the dependent variable is _.