Question 1

Side effects of caffeine may include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  shaking. 
B)  irregular heartbeat. 
C)  frequent urination. 
D)  slower breathing. 
E)  anxiety. 
A)  shaking. 
B)  irregular heartbeat. 
C)  frequent urination. 
D)  slower breathing. 
E)  anxiety.

Question 2

In a controlled experiment,the control and experimental groups differ in the

Accepted Answer

A)  environmental variable. 
B)  controlled variable. 
C)  independent variable. 
D)  dependent variable. 
E)  result. 
A)  environmental variable. 
B)  controlled variable. 
C)  independent variable. 
D)  dependent variable. 
E)  result.

Question 3

You have the following known facts: Smoking causes accumulation of materials in the lungs,thereby decreasing oxygen-absorbing capability of the lungs.Long-term smoking causes more accumulation of materials in the lungs.Decreased lung capacity increases the workload of the heart.Which of the following hypotheses can you make from these observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  People who never smoke will never develop lung problems. 
B)  Long-term smokers have poorer heart health than nonsmokers. 
C)  New smokers have poorer heart health than long-term smokers. 
D)  Stopping smoking eliminates lung problems within two years. 
E)  Stopping smoking eliminates heart problems within two years. 
A)  People who never smoke will never develop lung problems. 
B)  Long-term smokers have poorer heart health than nonsmokers. 
C)  New smokers have poorer heart health than long-term smokers. 
D)  Stopping smoking eliminates lung problems within two years. 
E)  Stopping smoking eliminates heart problems within two years.

Question 4

Which of the following plays a factor in misrepresentation of research data in the media?

Accepted Answer

A)  lack of understanding of the topic by the reporter 
B)  overstating the importance of the study results by the researcher 
C)  misinterpretation of the scientific terminology when trying to disseminate it to the public 
D)  time and space limitations by the media 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  lack of understanding of the topic by the reporter 
B)  overstating the importance of the study results by the researcher 
C)  misinterpretation of the scientific terminology when trying to disseminate it to the public 
D)  time and space limitations by the media 
E)  All of the above.

Question 5

How can two different studies investigating the same thing (e.g. ,the relationship,if any,between caffeinated coffee and memory)come to different conclusions?

Accepted Answer

A)  They may have had different sample sizes. 
B)  They may have used different types of participants (e.g. ,participants of different ages or professions). 
C)  They may have used different amounts of caffeine. 
D)  They may have evaluated memory differently (e.g. ,long-term vs.short-term memory). 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  They may have had different sample sizes. 
B)  They may have used different types of participants (e.g. ,participants of different ages or professions). 
C)  They may have used different amounts of caffeine. 
D)  They may have evaluated memory differently (e.g. ,long-term vs.short-term memory). 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Epidemiologists

Accepted Answer

A)  study the incidence of diseases and risk factors in populations. 
B)  investigate skin diseases. 
C)  perform clinical trials on health issues. 
D)  examine autopsy data. 
E)  assess cancer treatments and survival outcomes. 
A)  study the incidence of diseases and risk factors in populations. 
B)  investigate skin diseases. 
C)  perform clinical trials on health issues. 
D)  examine autopsy data. 
E)  assess cancer treatments and survival outcomes.

Question 7

Would it be possible for a scientist to bias a scientific study?

Accepted Answer

A)  No,there are so many checks and balances outside of the scientist's control that it's impossible to show bias in a scientific study. 
B)  No,because all scientific experiments are designed to be fair. 
C)  Yes,if the scientist used a large number of test subjects. 
D)  Yes,if the scientist chose specific individuals to include in the study. 
E)  Yes,if it was a randomized double-blind study. 
A)  No,there are so many checks and balances outside of the scientist's control that it's impossible to show bias in a scientific study. 
B)  No,because all scientific experiments are designed to be fair. 
C)  Yes,if the scientist used a large number of test subjects. 
D)  Yes,if the scientist chose specific individuals to include in the study. 
E)  Yes,if it was a randomized double-blind study.

Question 8

Two groups of people are given a drug that they are told will make them drowsy.However,only one group actually receives this drug,while the other group secretly receives a sugar pill.Strangely,both groups report feeling very tired 30 minutes later.The group receiving the sugar pill is said to be experiencing the

Accepted Answer

A)  control effect. 
B)  experimental effect. 
C)  dependent effect. 
D)  independent effect. 
E)  placebo effect. 
A)  control effect. 
B)  experimental effect. 
C)  dependent effect. 
D)  independent effect. 
E)  placebo effect.

Question 9

What is the first step in the scientific process?

Accepted Answer

A)  designing an experiment 
B)  choosing test subjects 
C)  peer review of your study 
D)  analyzing your data 
E)  formulating a hypothesis 
A)  designing an experiment 
B)  choosing test subjects 
C)  peer review of your study 
D)  analyzing your data 
E)  formulating a hypothesis

Question 10

Of the following,which is the first step in the scientific process?

Accepted Answer

A)  generating a hypothesis 
B)  analyzing data 
C)  conducting an experiment 
D)  drawing a conclusion 
E)  developing questions based on observations 
A)  generating a hypothesis 
B)  analyzing data 
C)  conducting an experiment 
D)  drawing a conclusion 
E)  developing questions based on observations

Question 11

From what you have read in this chapter,would you say a 21-year-old Caucasian female can count on caffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,because the results of a peer-reviewed study indicated that drinking caffeinated beverages reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease. 
B)  No,because participants in that peer-reviewed study were Japanese American males;it cannot be inferred that the same results would hold for Caucasian females. 
C)  No,she would have to restrict her consumption of coffee to decaffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson's disease. 
D)  Yes,the peer-reviewed study proved that coffee reverses the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in people of all ethnicities and ages. 
E)  No data are available on the relationship between drinking caffeinated beverages and Parkinson's disease because it would be unethical to conduct such an epidemiological study. 
A)  Yes,because the results of a peer-reviewed study indicated that drinking caffeinated beverages reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease. 
B)  No,because participants in that peer-reviewed study were Japanese American males;it cannot be inferred that the same results would hold for Caucasian females. 
C)  No,she would have to restrict her consumption of coffee to decaffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson's disease. 
D)  Yes,the peer-reviewed study proved that coffee reverses the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in people of all ethnicities and ages. 
E)  No data are available on the relationship between drinking caffeinated beverages and Parkinson's disease because it would be unethical to conduct such an epidemiological study.

Question 12

In a well-designed experiment the independent variable

Accepted Answer

A)  does not depend on another factor or condition. 
B)  changes from subject to subject randomly. 
C)  can never be manipulated by the researcher. 
D)  will depend on the dependent variable. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  does not depend on another factor or condition. 
B)  changes from subject to subject randomly. 
C)  can never be manipulated by the researcher. 
D)  will depend on the dependent variable. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 13

Do epidemiologists perform planned scientific experiments with rigorous controlled experimentation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,they work in labs and perform lab experiments to prove their hypothesis. 
B)  Yes,they use the standard scientific method. 
C)  No,they only form a hypothesis but do not analyze or compile any data. 
D)  No,they examine data that have already been compiled and look for patterns. 
E)  No,they only do uncontrolled experiments. 
A)  Yes,they work in labs and perform lab experiments to prove their hypothesis. 
B)  Yes,they use the standard scientific method. 
C)  No,they only form a hypothesis but do not analyze or compile any data. 
D)  No,they examine data that have already been compiled and look for patterns. 
E)  No,they only do uncontrolled experiments.

Question 14

Scientific studies involving a subjectively assessed benefit (i.e. ,caffeine and enhanced memory recall)can be complicated by

Accepted Answer

A)  too few observations. 
B)  improper controls. 
C)  poor subject selection. 
D)  side effects from the drug. 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  too few observations. 
B)  improper controls. 
C)  poor subject selection. 
D)  side effects from the drug. 
E)  All of the above.

Question 15

Which is NOT an everyday (nonscientific)theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  If you carry an umbrella it won't rain. 
B)  Evolution occurs by natural selection. 
C)  The freezer is the best place for valuables. 
D)  Wearing bright clothes cheers one up. 
E)  3,000 subjects perform better after a full night's sleep. 
A)  If you carry an umbrella it won't rain. 
B)  Evolution occurs by natural selection. 
C)  The freezer is the best place for valuables. 
D)  Wearing bright clothes cheers one up. 
E)  3,000 subjects perform better after a full night's sleep.

Question 16

What is the importance of peer review in the scientific process?

Accepted Answer

A)  It helps a scientist formulate a hypothesis. 
B)  It helps a scientist choose test subjects. 
C)  It ensures that a study has been appropriately designed and correctly interpreted. 
D)  It helps the scientist collect data. 
E)  It is the first step in any scientific study. 
A)  It helps a scientist formulate a hypothesis. 
B)  It helps a scientist choose test subjects. 
C)  It ensures that a study has been appropriately designed and correctly interpreted. 
D)  It helps the scientist collect data. 
E)  It is the first step in any scientific study.

Question 17

Some side effects of caffeine are

Accepted Answer

A)  vomiting. 
B)  fevers. 
C)  confusion. 
D)  fever. 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  vomiting. 
B)  fevers. 
C)  confusion. 
D)  fever. 
E)  All of the above.

Question 18

If the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis,you have _____ the hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A)  supported 
B)  falsified 
C)  proved 
D)  failed 
E)  verified 
A)  supported 
B)  falsified 
C)  proved 
D)  failed 
E)  verified

Question 19

A positive correlation in a scientific study means

Accepted Answer

A)  both variables increase proportionately. 
B)  one variable is linked to another variable. 
C)  one variable increases while the other decreases. 
D)  there is a link between the variables studied. 
E)  both variables decrease proportionately. 
A)  both variables increase proportionately. 
B)  one variable is linked to another variable. 
C)  one variable increases while the other decreases. 
D)  there is a link between the variables studied. 
E)  both variables decrease proportionately.

Question 20

Many chemicals can cause positive reactions in the human system but may also cause a variety of negative effects.These are called

Accepted Answer

A)  side effects. 
B)  causal effects. 
C)  peripheral effects. 
D)  homeopathic effects. 
E)  indirect effects. 
A)  side effects. 
B)  causal effects. 
C)  peripheral effects. 
D)  homeopathic effects. 
E)  indirect effects.

Exam 1: Process of Science

Side effects of caffeine may include all of the following EXCEPT

In a controlled experiment,the control and experimental groups differ in the

Which of the following plays a factor in misrepresentation of research data in the media?

How can two different studies investigating the same thing (e.g. ,the relationship,if any,between caffeinated coffee and memory)come to different conclusions?

Epidemiologists

Would it be possible for a scientist to bias a scientific study?

What is the first step in the scientific process?

Of the following,which is the first step in the scientific process?

From what you have read in this chapter,would you say a 21-year-old Caucasian female can count on caffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson's disease?

In a well-designed experiment the independent variable

Do epidemiologists perform planned scientific experiments with rigorous controlled experimentation?

Scientific studies involving a subjectively assessed benefit (i.e. ,caffeine and enhanced memory recall)can be complicated by

Which is NOT an everyday (nonscientific)theory?

What is the importance of peer review in the scientific process?

Some side effects of caffeine are

If the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis,you have _____ the hypothesis.

A positive correlation in a scientific study means

Many chemicals can cause positive reactions in the human system but may also cause a variety of negative effects.These are called

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