Question 1

Which of the following is NOT emphasized by lay epistemology theory?

Accepted Answer

A) the need for accurate knowledge 
B) the need for information quantity 
C) the need to confirm preexisting beliefs 
D) the need to reach closure quickly 
A) the need for accurate knowledge 
B) the need for information quantity 
C) the need to confirm preexisting beliefs 
D) the need to reach closure quickly

Question 2

In a classic study by Tversky and Kahneman (1981)on people's choices when presented with statistically identical treatment options,what was the conclusion regarding people's heuristic processing?

Accepted Answer

A) People's choices are dramatically changed when they are thinking about possible losses versus possible gains. 
B) People always prefer treatments which they believe are going to be the most effective. 
C) When it comes to considering life-and-death issues,people weigh all the options carefully and try to make rational decisions. 
D) When people are presented with statistically identical options,they ultimately choose randomly between the options. 
A) People's choices are dramatically changed when they are thinking about possible losses versus possible gains. 
B) People always prefer treatments which they believe are going to be the most effective. 
C) When it comes to considering life-and-death issues,people weigh all the options carefully and try to make rational decisions. 
D) When people are presented with statistically identical options,they ultimately choose randomly between the options.

Question 3

Implicit attitudes are more related to the _____,while explicit attitudes are more related to the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) schema mode;impression mode 
B) cognitive system;experiential system 
C) experiential system;cognitive system 
D) impression mode;schema mode 
A) schema mode;impression mode 
B) cognitive system;experiential system 
C) experiential system;cognitive system 
D) impression mode;schema mode

Question 4

Our self-concept is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A) a schema we have about ourselves. 
B) the category of person into which we place ourselves. 
C) the impression we have of our own body. 
D) a human ability to recognize that other people are all unique selves. 
A) a schema we have about ourselves. 
B) the category of person into which we place ourselves. 
C) the impression we have of our own body. 
D) a human ability to recognize that other people are all unique selves.

Question 5

Kenji is attempting to learn French.He is seated in a library with headphones on,listening to classical music,as he stares at a textbook and tries to memorize French words.In a single moment,a new song comes on that Kenji particularly enjoys,and he suddenly finds it easier to remember the French words he is looking at.In this moment,the French words are being processed by Kenji's _____,while the music is being processed by Kenji's _____.

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive system;experiential system 
B) experiential system;cognitive system 
C) schema;script 
D) script;schema 
A) cognitive system;experiential system 
B) experiential system;cognitive system 
C) schema;script 
D) script;schema

Question 6

What is the primary implication of the meaning maintenance model?

Accepted Answer

A) People are primarily motivated by a need for nonspecific closure. 
B) The sense of meaning that a person develops in childhood is maintained throughout the rest of their life. 
C) People are willing to completely revise their meaning systems in order to accommodate incoming information. 
D) When people are exposed to seemingly meaningless or uncertain situations,they strive to affirm familiar meanings and morals,even in unrelated areas. 
A) People are primarily motivated by a need for nonspecific closure. 
B) The sense of meaning that a person develops in childhood is maintained throughout the rest of their life. 
C) People are willing to completely revise their meaning systems in order to accommodate incoming information. 
D) When people are exposed to seemingly meaningless or uncertain situations,they strive to affirm familiar meanings and morals,even in unrelated areas.

Question 7

Which research perspective emerged in the 1970s to find out what specific mental processes are involved when we construct a meaningful understanding of the social world?

Accepted Answer

A) the social cognitive perspective 
B) the Gestalt perspective 
C) the metaphoric cognition perspective 
D) the schema-based perspective 
A) the social cognitive perspective 
B) the Gestalt perspective 
C) the metaphoric cognition perspective 
D) the schema-based perspective

Question 8

In one set of studies related to the somatic marker hypothesis,participants with and without brain injury are asked to choose draws from high- and low-risk decks of cards.Eventually,most participants without brain injury learn to stop drawing from a risky deck.What else is found in these studies?

Accepted Answer

A) About one third of participants with brain injury consistently draw from the low-risk deck throughout the study. 
B) About one third of normal participants are unable to explain why they chose cards from one deck more or less than from another. 
C) Participants become very angry when they are forced to abandon the high-risk deck. 
D) The arousal levels of all participants are consistently low throughout the study. 
A) About one third of participants with brain injury consistently draw from the low-risk deck throughout the study. 
B) About one third of normal participants are unable to explain why they chose cards from one deck more or less than from another. 
C) Participants become very angry when they are forced to abandon the high-risk deck. 
D) The arousal levels of all participants are consistently low throughout the study.

Question 9

Galina rarely thinks about her grandmother.However,whenever Galina sees a fresh-baked muffin,she thinks about her grandmother's house.For Galina,muffins and her grandmother's house are:

Accepted Answer

A) in the same associative network. 
B) chronically accessible schemas. 
C) part of a single "buying a muffin" script. 
D) commonly salient. 
A) in the same associative network. 
B) chronically accessible schemas. 
C) part of a single "buying a muffin" script. 
D) commonly salient.

Question 10

In one study on the effects of priming,participants completed a sentence-unscrambling task.Half of the participants saw words in their sentences related to rudeness,while the other half saw words related to politeness.What was the observed effect of this priming in a subsequent situation?

Accepted Answer

A) About one-third of the participants primed with rudeness interrupted the experimenter in less than 10 minutes. 
B) About two-thirds of the participants primed with rudeness interrupted the experimenter in less than 10 minutes. 
C) About two-thirds of the participants primed with politeness said kind words to the experimenter. 
D) About two-thirds of the participants primed with politeness failed to ever interrupt the experimenter. 
A) About one-third of the participants primed with rudeness interrupted the experimenter in less than 10 minutes. 
B) About two-thirds of the participants primed with rudeness interrupted the experimenter in less than 10 minutes. 
C) About two-thirds of the participants primed with politeness said kind words to the experimenter. 
D) About two-thirds of the participants primed with politeness failed to ever interrupt the experimenter.

Question 11

_____ organize knowledge about a given idea,but _____ connect an idea to knowledge of an unrelated abstract concept.

Accepted Answer

A) Schemas;metaphors 
B) Experiential associations;semantic associations 
C) Semantic associations;experiential associations 
D) Metaphors;schemas 
A) Schemas;metaphors 
B) Experiential associations;semantic associations 
C) Semantic associations;experiential associations 
D) Metaphors;schemas

Question 12

Schemas that we have for particular individuals are called _____,while schemas that he have about whole groups of people are called _____.

Accepted Answer

A) categories;scripts 
B) scripts;categories 
C) stereotypes;impressions 
D) impressions;stereotypes 
A) categories;scripts 
B) scripts;categories 
C) stereotypes;impressions 
D) impressions;stereotypes

Question 13

Which of the following statements is an implication of the research on the role of metaphor in social cognition?

Accepted Answer

A) Metaphor is primarily a useful tool for social cognition among individuals who are either well-educated or think creatively. 
B) People construct an understanding of abstract ideas by drawing on their knowledge of sensory and motor experiences from very early in development. 
C) People are only able to understand concrete concepts,like weight or size,by attaching them to abstract,symbolic concepts with which they are more familiar,like duty and power. 
D) Metaphors are only activated subliminally,whereas schemas are usually primed with conscious awareness. 
A) Metaphor is primarily a useful tool for social cognition among individuals who are either well-educated or think creatively. 
B) People construct an understanding of abstract ideas by drawing on their knowledge of sensory and motor experiences from very early in development. 
C) People are only able to understand concrete concepts,like weight or size,by attaching them to abstract,symbolic concepts with which they are more familiar,like duty and power. 
D) Metaphors are only activated subliminally,whereas schemas are usually primed with conscious awareness.

Question 14

In a practical application of priming,researchers introduced a clean-smelling citrus scent just outside the entrance of the ICU.The results indicated:

Accepted Answer

A) about 15% of the visitors cleansed their hands with this prime. 
B) this prime made absolutely no difference on the amount of visitors cleansing their hands. 
C) almost half of the visitors cleansed their hands with this prime. 
D) less people cleansed their hands with this prime. 
A) about 15% of the visitors cleansed their hands with this prime. 
B) this prime made absolutely no difference on the amount of visitors cleansing their hands. 
C) almost half of the visitors cleansed their hands with this prime. 
D) less people cleansed their hands with this prime.

Question 15

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) self-fulfilling prophecy. 
B) attribution. 
C) self-confirming schema. 
D) script. 
A) self-fulfilling prophecy. 
B) attribution. 
C) self-confirming schema. 
D) script.

Question 16

According to the existential perspective,why are people quite sensitive to even small violations of expected meanings?

Accepted Answer

A) People prefer to seek out moments of uncertainty in the hope that they will discover new sources of meaning in life. 
B) People experience negative arousal whenever their standard meanings are violated. 
C) If the world is not an orderly place,people may be unable to maintain faith that any of their accomplishments will be remembered after they die. 
D) The earliest humans who were sensitive to violated meanings were more likely to survive and reproduce than those who were insensitive to such violations. 
A) People prefer to seek out moments of uncertainty in the hope that they will discover new sources of meaning in life. 
B) People experience negative arousal whenever their standard meanings are violated. 
C) If the world is not an orderly place,people may be unable to maintain faith that any of their accomplishments will be remembered after they die. 
D) The earliest humans who were sensitive to violated meanings were more likely to survive and reproduce than those who were insensitive to such violations.

Question 17

All of the following are true about metaphors EXCEPT which statement?

Accepted Answer

A) Schemas organize knowledge about a given idea. 
B) Metaphors help people understand an abstract concept. 
C) Priming bodily feelings can influence judgments about an abstract idea. 
D) Metaphors help people solidify their understanding of concrete ideas. 
A) Schemas organize knowledge about a given idea. 
B) Metaphors help people understand an abstract concept. 
C) Priming bodily feelings can influence judgments about an abstract idea. 
D) Metaphors help people solidify their understanding of concrete ideas.

Question 18

What is the process of consolidating memories?

Accepted Answer

A) People filter their memories through schemas and confirmation biases. 
B) By explicitly discussing their memories with others,people often transfer their memories from the experiential system to the cognitive system. 
C) During sleep,the unconscious organizes and solidifies what has been learned in recent waking hours and days. 
D) Eventually,all short-term memories become long-term memories. 
A) People filter their memories through schemas and confirmation biases. 
B) By explicitly discussing their memories with others,people often transfer their memories from the experiential system to the cognitive system. 
C) During sleep,the unconscious organizes and solidifies what has been learned in recent waking hours and days. 
D) Eventually,all short-term memories become long-term memories.

Question 19

The _____ is an unconscious,intuitive,and automatic mode of thinking,while the ____ is a conscious,rational,and controlled mode of thinking.

Accepted Answer

A) semantic association;experiential association 
B) experiential association;semantic association 
C) cognitive system;experiential system 
D) experiential system;cognitive system 
A) semantic association;experiential association 
B) experiential association;semantic association 
C) cognitive system;experiential system 
D) experiential system;cognitive system

Question 20

Lao is talking to his therapist and his mother about his new romantic relationship.Lao's therapist asks him to discuss at length whether he really thinks the relationship is good for him,and why.On a different day,Lao's mother just asks him for his gut feelings about the relationship.Based on research,what will be the better predictor of Lao's relationship success?

Accepted Answer

A) The better predictor would be the rational assessment he gave his therapist. 
B) The better predictor would be the gut feelings he told his mother. 
C) Since Lao doesn't really know what will happen,neither statement is likely to reflect his chances of relationship success. 
D) The best predictor would be a combination of his two statements. 
A) The better predictor would be the rational assessment he gave his therapist. 
B) The better predictor would be the gut feelings he told his mother. 
C) Since Lao doesn't really know what will happen,neither statement is likely to reflect his chances of relationship success. 
D) The best predictor would be a combination of his two statements.

Which of the following is NOT emphasized by lay epistemology theory?

In a classic study by Tversky and Kahneman (1981)on people's choices when presented with statistically identical treatment options,what was the conclusion regarding people's heuristic processing?

Implicit attitudes are more related to the _,while explicit attitudes are more related to the _.

Our self-concept is defined as:

What is the primary implication of the meaning maintenance model?

Which research perspective emerged in the 1970s to find out what specific mental processes are involved when we construct a meaningful understanding of the social world?

In one set of studies related to the somatic marker hypothesis,participants with and without brain injury are asked to choose draws from high- and low-risk decks of cards.Eventually,most participants without brain injury learn to stop drawing from a risky deck.What else is found in these studies?

Galina rarely thinks about her grandmother.However,whenever Galina sees a fresh-baked muffin,she thinks about her grandmother's house.For Galina,muffins and her grandmother's house are:

In one study on the effects of priming,participants completed a sentence-unscrambling task.Half of the participants saw words in their sentences related to rudeness,while the other half saw words related to politeness.What was the observed effect of this priming in a subsequent situation?

_ organize knowledge about a given idea,but _ connect an idea to knowledge of an unrelated abstract concept.

Schemas that we have for particular individuals are called _,while schemas that he have about whole groups of people are called _.

Which of the following statements is an implication of the research on the role of metaphor in social cognition?

In a practical application of priming,researchers introduced a clean-smelling citrus scent just outside the entrance of the ICU.The results indicated:

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called a(n):

According to the existential perspective,why are people quite sensitive to even small violations of expected meanings?

All of the following are true about metaphors EXCEPT which statement?

What is the process of consolidating memories?

The _ is an unconscious,intuitive,and automatic mode of thinking,while the is a conscious,rational,and controlled mode of thinking.

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

Thinking About People and Events

The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

Exam 3: The Core Elements of Social Cognition

Which of the following is NOT emphasized by lay epistemology theory?

In a classic study by Tversky and Kahneman (1981)on people's choices when presented with statistically identical treatment options,what was the conclusion regarding people's heuristic processing?

Implicit attitudes are more related to the _____,while explicit attitudes are more related to the _____.

Our self-concept is defined as:

What is the primary implication of the meaning maintenance model?

Which research perspective emerged in the 1970s to find out what specific mental processes are involved when we construct a meaningful understanding of the social world?

In one set of studies related to the somatic marker hypothesis,participants with and without brain injury are asked to choose draws from high- and low-risk decks of cards.Eventually,most participants without brain injury learn to stop drawing from a risky deck.What else is found in these studies?

Galina rarely thinks about her grandmother.However,whenever Galina sees a fresh-baked muffin,she thinks about her grandmother's house.For Galina,muffins and her grandmother's house are:

In one study on the effects of priming,participants completed a sentence-unscrambling task.Half of the participants saw words in their sentences related to rudeness,while the other half saw words related to politeness.What was the observed effect of this priming in a subsequent situation?

_____ organize knowledge about a given idea,but _____ connect an idea to knowledge of an unrelated abstract concept.

Schemas that we have for particular individuals are called _____,while schemas that he have about whole groups of people are called _____.

Which of the following statements is an implication of the research on the role of metaphor in social cognition?

In a practical application of priming,researchers introduced a clean-smelling citrus scent just outside the entrance of the ICU.The results indicated:

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called a(n):

According to the existential perspective,why are people quite sensitive to even small violations of expected meanings?

All of the following are true about metaphors EXCEPT which statement?

What is the process of consolidating memories?

The _____ is an unconscious,intuitive,and automatic mode of thinking,while the ____ is a conscious,rational,and controlled mode of thinking.

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

Thinking About People and Events

The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

Implicit attitudes are more related to the _,while explicit attitudes are more related to the _.

_ organize knowledge about a given idea,but _ connect an idea to knowledge of an unrelated abstract concept.

Schemas that we have for particular individuals are called _,while schemas that he have about whole groups of people are called _.

The _ is an unconscious,intuitive,and automatic mode of thinking,while the is a conscious,rational,and controlled mode of thinking.