Question 1

Insertion sequences are

Accepted Answer

A)  circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA, and the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function, and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C)  genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition. 
A)  circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA, and the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function, and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C)  genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition.

Question 2

The $\beta$-lactam agents consist of all the following antibiotics, except

Accepted Answer

A)  vancomycin. 
B)  penicillins. 
C)  cephalosporins. 
D)  carbapenems. 
A)  vancomycin. 
B)  penicillins. 
C)  cephalosporins. 
D)  carbapenems.

Question 3

Resistance to aminoglycosides is mediated by

Accepted Answer

A)  efflux. 
B)  changes in the target site. 
C)  impermeability or by enzymatic modification of amino and hydroxy moieties appended to the cyclitol rings. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  efflux. 
B)  changes in the target site. 
C)  impermeability or by enzymatic modification of amino and hydroxy moieties appended to the cyclitol rings. 
D)  All of the above

Question 4

All of the following are recently approved classes of antibiotics that target protein synthesis, except

Accepted Answer

A)  sixth generation cephalosporins. 
B)  oxazolidinones. 
C)  streptogramin. 
D)  glycylcycline. 
A)  sixth generation cephalosporins. 
B)  oxazolidinones. 
C)  streptogramin. 
D)  glycylcycline.

Question 5

Antibiotic mechanisms of action target all the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. 
B)  bacterial cell wall synthesis. 
C)  DNA replication. 
D)  RNA transcription. 
A)  blocking the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. 
B)  bacterial cell wall synthesis. 
C)  DNA replication. 
D)  RNA transcription.

Question 6

A patient undergoes a colon resection. Because of the amount of bacteria present in the colon, the physician put the patient on broad-spectrum antibiotics after surgery. The patient develops a fever 2 days after surgery. He developed an infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). What antibiotics can be used to treat this organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synercid 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Erythromycin 
A)  Synercid 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Erythromycin

Question 7

This antibiotic affects the DNA replication by targeting topoisomerases II and IV, enzymes considered important in controlling DNA replication.

Accepted Answer

A)  Glycopeptide 
B)  Sulfamethoxazole 
C)  Trimethoprim 
D)  Quinolone 
A)  Glycopeptide 
B)  Sulfamethoxazole 
C)  Trimethoprim 
D)  Quinolone

Question 8

Transposons are

Accepted Answer

A)  circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA, and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C)  genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition. 
A)  circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA, and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C)  genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition.

Question 9

The primary mechanism of resistance to this antimicrobial class is modification by mutations encoding single amino acid changes in these targets. What antibiotic class is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macrolides 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Peptidoglycans 
D)  Aminoglycosides 
A)  Macrolides 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Peptidoglycans 
D)  Aminoglycosides

Question 10

This type of resistance mechanism modifies the antibiotic targets and results in reduced affinity of antibiotics for their microbial targets.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cell wall inhibition 
B)  Protein synthesis modification 
C)  Enzyme alteration 
D)  Frameshift mutation 
A)  Cell wall inhibition 
B)  Protein synthesis modification 
C)  Enzyme alteration 
D)  Frameshift mutation

Question 11

What is the mechanism of action of the glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The glycopeptides inhibit folate synthesis and prevent the bacteria from using this as an energy source. 
B)  The glycopeptides interfere with DNA replication and disrupt the protein synthesis operation. 
C)  The glycopeptides bind to the substrate of the transpeptidation enzyme and disrupt the cell membrane construction. 
D)  The glycopeptides interfere with transfer RNA production and disrupt the protein synthesis operation. 
A)  The glycopeptides inhibit folate synthesis and prevent the bacteria from using this as an energy source. 
B)  The glycopeptides interfere with DNA replication and disrupt the protein synthesis operation. 
C)  The glycopeptides bind to the substrate of the transpeptidation enzyme and disrupt the cell membrane construction. 
D)  The glycopeptides interfere with transfer RNA production and disrupt the protein synthesis operation.

Question 12

Antibiotics work by targeting all of the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA replication. 
B)  bacterial plasmid DNA. 
C)  bacterial cell wall. 
D)  RNA transcription. 
A)  DNA replication. 
B)  bacterial plasmid DNA. 
C)  bacterial cell wall. 
D)  RNA transcription.

Question 13

How do the $\beta$-lactamase inhibitors work?

Accepted Answer

A)  By structurally rearranging the $\beta$-lactamase molecule so that it loses specificity for the $\beta$-lactam antibiotic 
B)  By competing with the antibiotic for porin sites on the outer membrane 
C)  By acting as substrates for the $\beta$-lactamase and reducing their effect on the antibiotic 
D)  By acting as transport molecules to transport the antibiotic into the bacterial cell 
A)  By structurally rearranging the $\beta$-lactamase molecule so that it loses specificity for the $\beta$-lactam antibiotic 
B)  By competing with the antibiotic for porin sites on the outer membrane 
C)  By acting as substrates for the $\beta$-lactamase and reducing their effect on the antibiotic 
D)  By acting as transport molecules to transport the antibiotic into the bacterial cell

Question 14

All of the following are $\beta$-lactam antibiotics, except

Accepted Answer

A)  penems. 
B)  monobactams. 
C)  carbapenems. 
D)  monoterpenes. 
A)  penems. 
B)  monobactams. 
C)  carbapenems. 
D)  monoterpenes.

Question 15

Extended $\beta$-lactamases target all the following antibiotics, except

Accepted Answer

A)  penicillins. 
B)  cephalosporins. 
C)  monobactams. 
D)  macrolides. 
A)  penicillins. 
B)  cephalosporins. 
C)  monobactams. 
D)  macrolides.

Question 16

How does Staphylococcus aureus acquire resistance to methicillin?

Accepted Answer

A)  An enzyme alteration 
B)  Mobile DNA element 
C)  Frameshift mutation 
D)  RNA porin 
A)  An enzyme alteration 
B)  Mobile DNA element 
C)  Frameshift mutation 
D)  RNA porin

Question 17

Which of the following public health issues is uniting scientists from across the world to develop strategies to address it?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reclassifying bacteria according to their genomes 
B)  The shortage of low toxicity antifungal drugs 
C)  Antibiotic resistance 
D)  Emerging pathogens 
A)  Reclassifying bacteria according to their genomes 
B)  The shortage of low toxicity antifungal drugs 
C)  Antibiotic resistance 
D)  Emerging pathogens

Question 18

This is one of the first resistance mechanisms identified and is a strategy that bacteria use successfully to survive the action of many classes of antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

A)  Frameshift mutation 
B)  Plasmid DNA acquisition 
C)  Acquisition of inactivating enzymes 
D)  Impermeability to the cell wall 
A)  Frameshift mutation 
B)  Plasmid DNA acquisition 
C)  Acquisition of inactivating enzymes 
D)  Impermeability to the cell wall

Question 19

Integrons are

Accepted Answer

A)  circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C)  genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition. 
A)  circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C)  genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition.

Question 20

$\beta$-Lactamases hydrolyze $\beta$-lactam antibiotics using two distinct mechanisms: those having a metallo-based mechanism of action and those with

Accepted Answer

A)  ring-specific enzymes. 
B)  a serine-based mechanism of action. 
C)  a chromosomal mechanism of action. 
D)  a transporter mechanism of action. 
A)  ring-specific enzymes. 
B)  a serine-based mechanism of action. 
C)  a chromosomal mechanism of action. 
D)  a transporter mechanism of action.

Exam 12: Antimicrobial Agent Mechanisms of Action and Resistance Mechanisms

Insertion sequences are

The β\betaβ -lactam agents consist of all the following antibiotics, except

Resistance to aminoglycosides is mediated by

All of the following are recently approved classes of antibiotics that target protein synthesis, except

Antibiotic mechanisms of action target all the following, except

This antibiotic affects the DNA replication by targeting topoisomerases II and IV, enzymes considered important in controlling DNA replication.

Transposons are

The primary mechanism of resistance to this antimicrobial class is modification by mutations encoding single amino acid changes in these targets. What antibiotic class is this?

This type of resistance mechanism modifies the antibiotic targets and results in reduced affinity of antibiotics for their microbial targets.

What is the mechanism of action of the glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin)?

Antibiotics work by targeting all of the following, except

How do the β\betaβ -lactamase inhibitors work?

All of the following are β\betaβ -lactam antibiotics, except

Extended β\betaβ -lactamases target all the following antibiotics, except

How does Staphylococcus aureus acquire resistance to methicillin?

Which of the following public health issues is uniting scientists from across the world to develop strategies to address it?

This is one of the first resistance mechanisms identified and is a strategy that bacteria use successfully to survive the action of many classes of antibiotics.

Integrons are

β\betaβ -Lactamases hydrolyze β\betaβ -lactam antibiotics using two distinct mechanisms: those having a metallo-based mechanism of action and those with

Bacterial Cell Structure, Physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Hostparasite Interaction

The Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Materials From Infected Sites

Use of Colony Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus, Hacek, Legionella, and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

The Spirochetes

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Similar Organisms

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

Filters

The $\beta$ -lactam agents consist of all the following antibiotics, except

How do the $\beta$ -lactamase inhibitors work?

All of the following are $\beta$ -lactam antibiotics, except

Extended $\beta$ -lactamases target all the following antibiotics, except

$\beta$ -Lactamases hydrolyze $\beta$ -lactam antibiotics using two distinct mechanisms: those having a metallo-based mechanism of action and those with