Question 1

Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to

Accepted Answer

A)  identify people at high risk for depression. 
B)  predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression. 
C)  determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma. 
D)  all of these are correct. 
A)  identify people at high risk for depression. 
B)  predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression. 
C)  determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma. 
D)  all of these are correct. D

Question 2

Discuss the general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers. What are the components? Give an example of your own of an aggressive response you have recently made and provide an explanation from the model, including all the components.

Accepted Answer

The general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers suggests that aggression is influenced by a combination of personal and situational factors. The model consists of three main components: input variables, decision-making processes, and outcomes.

Input variables include individual characteristics such as personality traits, beliefs, and attitudes, as well as situational factors such as provocation and environmental cues. These variables can influence an individual's arousal and affective state, which in turn can impact their decision-making processes.

The decision-making processes component involves the individual's interpretation and evaluation of the situation, as well as their selection of a response. This can be influenced by cognitive scripts, which are learned patterns of behavior and thought that guide an individual's response to a given situation.

The outcomes component refers to the actual behavior or response that occurs as a result of the individual's decision-making processes. This can include both aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors, and can also have an impact on future input variables and decision-making processes.

An example of an aggressive response I have recently made is getting into a heated argument with a coworker. In this situation, the input variables included the provocation from my coworker and my own frustration and anger. My decision-making processes were influenced by my interpretation of the situation and my cognitive scripts for dealing with conflict, leading me to respond aggressively. The outcome was a verbal altercation, which further fueled my negative affective state and may impact future interactions with my coworker.

In this example, the general aggression model can help to explain my aggressive response by considering the input variables, decision-making processes, and outcomes that contributed to the behavior. It highlights the complex interplay between personal and situational factors in shaping aggressive behavior.

Question 3

Davis (1999) found that men were more likely to report a higher number of memories than women under which recall condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Angry 
B)  Happy 
C)  Guilty 
D)  None of these are correct. 
A)  Angry 
B)  Happy 
C)  Guilty 
D)  None of these are correct. D

Question 4

While men and women do not differ in their general memory abilities, they also do not show differences in what they remember.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

People processing information through a negative schema have greater access to depressing memories.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who

Accepted Answer

A)  pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively. 
B)  pay attention to both positive and negative information equally. 
C)  interpret ambiguous information in a positive light. 
D)  are always on the alert for negative information. 
A)  pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively. 
B)  pay attention to both positive and negative information equally. 
C)  interpret ambiguous information in a positive light. 
D)  are always on the alert for negative information.

Question 7

Research findings suggest men are more likely than women to form independent self-construals. This means that men tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  think of themselves as independent. 
B)  develop their self-concepts with little help from others. 
C)  have cognitive representations of themselves that are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have of other people. 
D)  have cognitive representations of themselves that are resistant to change. 
A)  think of themselves as independent. 
B)  develop their self-concepts with little help from others. 
C)  have cognitive representations of themselves that are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have of other people. 
D)  have cognitive representations of themselves that are resistant to change.

Question 8

You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression- associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Clinically depressed patients 
B)  Mildly depressed college students 
C)  Nondepressed patients 
D)  Students simply asked to think about some sad events 
A)  Clinically depressed patients 
B)  Mildly depressed college students 
C)  Nondepressed patients 
D)  Students simply asked to think about some sad events

Question 9

The depressive cognitive triad can involves a vicious cycle where depression causes negative thoughts that lead to more depression.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Cognitive theorists see the causal arrow between cognitions and depressive symptoms running in one direction, from thoughts to symptoms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative light. 
B)  Pessimistic thoughts about the future. 
C)  Negative thoughts about oneself. 
D)  All of these are correct. 
A)  Interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative light. 
B)  Pessimistic thoughts about the future. 
C)  Negative thoughts about oneself. 
D)  All of these are correct.

Question 12

Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression

Accepted Answer

A)  work for female but not male participants. 
B)  do not work because of the rational emotive model they typically employ. 
C)  are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault and theft. 
D)  only work when the interventions begin in mid-to-late adolescence. 
A)  work for female but not male participants. 
B)  do not work because of the rational emotive model they typically employ. 
C)  are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault and theft. 
D)  only work when the interventions begin in mid-to-late adolescence.

Question 13

According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the negative schema causes people to

Accepted Answer

A)  attend to negative information. 
B)  interpret ambiguous information in a depressing way. 
C)  ignore positive information. 
D)  all of these are correct. 
A)  attend to negative information. 
B)  interpret ambiguous information in a depressing way. 
C)  ignore positive information. 
D)  all of these are correct.

Question 14

When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of

Accepted Answer

A)  a negative cognitive style. 
B)  curiosity. 
C)  positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks. 
D)  false interpretations of events since the trauma. 
A)  a negative cognitive style. 
B)  curiosity. 
C)  positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks. 
D)  false interpretations of events since the trauma.

Question 15

Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women

Accepted Answer

A)  make an effort to remember. 
B)  form cognitive representations of themselves. 
C)  have been trained to remember information in school. 
D)  mature intellectually. 
A)  make an effort to remember. 
B)  form cognitive representations of themselves. 
C)  have been trained to remember information in school. 
D)  mature intellectually.

Question 16

In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations, such as another student breaking the boy's radio while he is out of town, researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression

Accepted Answer

A)  were more likely to interpret the act as intentional. 
B)  were more likely to interpret the act as hostile. 
C)  tended to act more aggressively in response to the act. 
D)  all of these are correct. 
A)  were more likely to interpret the act as intentional. 
B)  were more likely to interpret the act as hostile. 
C)  tended to act more aggressively in response to the act. 
D)  all of these are correct.

Question 17

Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _______________events than women.

Accepted Answer

A)  personal 
B)  family-related 
C)  impersonal 
D)  emotional 
A)  personal 
B)  family-related 
C)  impersonal 
D)  emotional

Question 18

Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is related to depression. 
B)  Processing necessarily filters out positive information. 
C)  It tends to identify one's problems with specific events. 
D)  It is a form of negative reinforcement. 
A)  It is related to depression. 
B)  Processing necessarily filters out positive information. 
C)  It tends to identify one's problems with specific events. 
D)  It is a form of negative reinforcement.

Question 19

Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that, compared to men, women

Accepted Answer

A)  are more dependent on other people. 
B)  have a larger network of friends. 
C)  are more mature socially. 
D)  are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal. 
A)  are more dependent on other people. 
B)  have a larger network of friends. 
C)  are more mature socially. 
D)  are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.

Question 20

In the general aggression model, the second step on the pathway to aggressive behaviors is

Accepted Answer

A)  appraisal and decisions 
B)  aggressive scripts 
C)  hostile thoughts and emotions 
D)  the person and the situation 
A)  appraisal and decisions 
B)  aggressive scripts 
C)  hostile thoughts and emotions 
D)  the person and the situation

Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to

Discuss the general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers. What are the components? Give an example of your own of an aggressive response you have recently made and provide an explanation from the model, including all the components.

Davis (1999) found that men were more likely to report a higher number of memories than women under which recall condition?

While men and women do not differ in their general memory abilities, they also do not show differences in what they remember.

People processing information through a negative schema have greater access to depressing memories.

According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who

Research findings suggest men are more likely than women to form independent self-construals. This means that men tend to

You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression- associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people?

The depressive cognitive triad can involves a vicious cycle where depression causes negative thoughts that lead to more depression.

Cognitive theorists see the causal arrow between cognitions and depressive symptoms running in one direction, from thoughts to symptoms.

Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad?

Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression

According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the negative schema causes people to

When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of

Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women

In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations, such as another student breaking the boy's radio while he is out of town, researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression

Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _______________events than women.

Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?

Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that, compared to men, women

In the general aggression model, the second step on the pathway to aggressive behaviors is

What Is Personality

Personality Research Methods

The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research

The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research

The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Trait Approach: Relevant Research

The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Biological Approach: Relevant Research

The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research

The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Behavioral Social Learning Approach: Relevant Research

The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

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Exam 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research Appendix: Your Personality Glossary

Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to

Discuss the general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers. What are the components? Give an example of your own of an aggressive response you have recently made and provide an explanation from the model, including all the components.

Davis (1999) found that men were more likely to report a higher number of memories than women under which recall condition?

While men and women do not differ in their general memory abilities, they also do not show differences in what they remember.

People processing information through a negative schema have greater access to depressing memories.

According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who

Research findings suggest men are more likely than women to form independent self-construals. This means that men tend to

You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression- associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people?

The depressive cognitive triad can involves a vicious cycle where depression causes negative thoughts that lead to more depression.

Cognitive theorists see the causal arrow between cognitions and depressive symptoms running in one direction, from thoughts to symptoms.

Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad?

Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression

According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the negative schema causes people to

When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of

Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women

In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations, such as another student breaking the boy's radio while he is out of town, researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression

Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _______________events than women.

Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?

Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that, compared to men, women

In the general aggression model, the second step on the pathway to aggressive behaviors is

What Is Personality

Personality Research Methods

The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research

The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research

The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Trait Approach: Relevant Research

The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Biological Approach: Relevant Research

The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research

The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

The Behavioral Social Learning Approach: Relevant Research

The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

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