Question 1

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the use of a personal theory as a child learns the concept spider?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ian learns that spiders have eight legs, whereas insects have only six. 
B)  Rudy learns that spiders, along with scorpions and ticks, are members of the arachnid class. 
C)  Duc remembers how seriously ill his cousin became when she was bitten by a black widow spider. 
D)  Julian assumes that spiders must give birth to baby spiders, just as people give birth to baby people. 
A)  Ian learns that spiders have eight legs, whereas insects have only six. 
B)  Rudy learns that spiders, along with scorpions and ticks, are members of the arachnid class. 
C)  Duc remembers how seriously ill his cousin became when she was bitten by a black widow spider. 
D)  Julian assumes that spiders must give birth to baby spiders, just as people give birth to baby people.

Question 2

Research tells us that students' misconceptions about a topic are often quite resistant to change, yet sometimes misconceptions must change if students are to acquire an accurate understanding of the world around them.
a. Describe three different reasons that psychologists have offered as to why students' misconceptions are sometimes resistant to change.
b. Describe at least five different teaching strategies that theorists and researchers believe might help students change their misconceptions about the world.

Accepted Answer

a. Three different reasons that psycholo

Question 3

Ms. Lounge is teaching her son Joe the concept of cow by showing him pictures of both cows and bears. Joe thinks to himself, "Maybe all cows have horns; let me look at a few more pictures and check." Joe's reasoning best illustrates which one of the following views of concept learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Buildup of associations 
B)  Prototype 
C)  Exemplars 
D)  Hypothesis testing 
A)  Buildup of associations 
B)  Prototype 
C)  Exemplars 
D)  Hypothesis testing

Question 4

Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pique students' interest in classroom subject matter. 
B)  Identify students' misconceptions about a topic prior to instruction. 
C)  Explore a few topics in depth rather than covering many topics quickly. 
D)  Have students learn definitions of important concepts to automaticity. 
A)  Pique students' interest in classroom subject matter. 
B)  Identify students' misconceptions about a topic prior to instruction. 
C)  Explore a few topics in depth rather than covering many topics quickly. 
D)  Have students learn definitions of important concepts to automaticity.

Question 5

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is encoded in long-term memory as:

Accepted Answer

A)  productions 
B)  propositions 
C)  verbal codes 
D)  images 
A)  productions 
B)  propositions 
C)  verbal codes 
D)  images

Question 6

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sasha can easily answer the question, "How old are you?" 
B)  Roger uses his hands to show the length of a fish he caught last week. 
C)  Marianne reads aloud a particularly descriptive paragraph from Moby Dick. 
D)  Jayden appears to be quite surprised to learn that a heavy metal object can float if it's hollow inside. 
A)  Sasha can easily answer the question, "How old are you?" 
B)  Roger uses his hands to show the length of a fish he caught last week. 
C)  Marianne reads aloud a particularly descriptive paragraph from Moby Dick. 
D)  Jayden appears to be quite surprised to learn that a heavy metal object can float if it's hollow inside.

Question 7

Salience of features affects the ease with which people are likely to learn a concept. Which one of the following best illustrates a salient defining feature?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Photosynthesis" is a feature of the concept plant. 
B)  "Round" is a feature of the concept circle. 
C)  "Getting oxygen from water" is a feature of the concept fish. 
D)  A "backbone" is a feature of the concept vertebrate. 
A)  "Photosynthesis" is a feature of the concept plant. 
B)  "Round" is a feature of the concept circle. 
C)  "Getting oxygen from water" is a feature of the concept fish. 
D)  A "backbone" is a feature of the concept vertebrate.

Question 8

People often hold on stubbornly to their misconceptions about the world. Three of the following are possible explanations as to why this might be so. Which statement is not a likely explanation for the resilience of misconceptions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some misconceptions are central elements of people's personal theories about the world. 
B)  Virtually all knowledge has a natural tendency to become distorted over time. 
C)  People learn school subject matter without relating it to the things they know and believe. 
D)  People elaborate on new information using their current misconceptions. 
A)  Some misconceptions are central elements of people's personal theories about the world. 
B)  Virtually all knowledge has a natural tendency to become distorted over time. 
C)  People learn school subject matter without relating it to the things they know and believe. 
D)  People elaborate on new information using their current misconceptions.

Question 9

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ms. Andersen identifies and then builds on things that students correctly understand about the phenomenon at hand. 
B)  Mr. Bissette presents a situation that students cannot adequately explain using their current beliefs about the topic. 
C)  Ms. Caro reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying. 
D)  Mr. Darren shows students how the true explanation of something is different from, and more plausible than, their existing beliefs. 
A)  Ms. Andersen identifies and then builds on things that students correctly understand about the phenomenon at hand. 
B)  Mr. Bissette presents a situation that students cannot adequately explain using their current beliefs about the topic. 
C)  Ms. Caro reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying. 
D)  Mr. Darren shows students how the true explanation of something is different from, and more plausible than, their existing beliefs.

Question 10

When students have misconceptions about a concept, helping them acquire more scientifically acceptable understandings of that concept is difficult. It is most difficult when the student has:

Accepted Answer

A)  Many minor misconceptions 
B)  One major misconceptions 
C)  A few well- engrained misconceptions 
D)  Many few well- engrained misconceptions 
A)  Many minor misconceptions 
B)  One major misconceptions 
C)  A few well- engrained misconceptions 
D)  Many few well- engrained misconceptions

Question 11

Which of the following most accurately describes information that was encoded in the form of a production?

Accepted Answer

A)  John rides his bike down his street faster than his friend's street. 
B)  Jenny is a very careful driver and never drives over the speed limit. 
C)  If Jake approaches a yellow light while driving he steps on the brake to slow down. 
D)  Julie does not know how to ride a bike, but is a skilled roller skater. 
A)  John rides his bike down his street faster than his friend's street. 
B)  Jenny is a very careful driver and never drives over the speed limit. 
C)  If Jake approaches a yellow light while driving he steps on the brake to slow down. 
D)  Julie does not know how to ride a bike, but is a skilled roller skater.

Question 12

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Modifying the arguments of existing propositions 
B)  Modifying the relations of existing propositions 
C)  Connecting one or more new propositions to the network 
D)  Hierarchically organizing existing propositions within the network 
A)  Modifying the arguments of existing propositions 
B)  Modifying the relations of existing propositions 
C)  Connecting one or more new propositions to the network 
D)  Hierarchically organizing existing propositions within the network

Question 13

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organizing a set of interrelated propositions 
B)  Remembering information differently than it was stored 
C)  Knowing how to respond to different environmental conditions 
D)  Knowing the component parts of an object or event 
A)  Organizing a set of interrelated propositions 
B)  Remembering information differently than it was stored 
C)  Knowing how to respond to different environmental conditions 
D)  Knowing the component parts of an object or event

Question 14

For the concept hexagon, "large" can best be classified as:

Accepted Answer

A)  an irrelevant feature 
B)  a defining feature 
C)  a correlational feature 
D)  a prototype 
A)  an irrelevant feature 
B)  a defining feature 
C)  a correlational feature 
D)  a prototype

Question 15

Four boys read this line from a story: "The two men entered the restaurant and ordered hamburgers."
Which one of the boys is clearly using a script while reading the story?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alex assumes that the men looked at a menu before ordering. 
B)  Bob is guessing that the men probably have evil motives. 
C)  Colin wonders what the men look like. 
D)  Devon thinks that the men should make more healthful choices. 
A)  Alex assumes that the men looked at a menu before ordering. 
B)  Bob is guessing that the men probably have evil motives. 
C)  Colin wonders what the men look like. 
D)  Devon thinks that the men should make more healthful choices.

Question 16

From the textbook's perspective, what is a key advantage of developing schemas and scripts?

Accepted Answer

A)  They reduce the amount of information we need to acquire in order to make sense of a situation. 
B)  They increase the likelihood that we will perceive a situation accurately. 
C)  They enable us to bypass working memory and store information directly in long-term memory. 
D)  They decrease the need for meaningful learning. 
A)  They reduce the amount of information we need to acquire in order to make sense of a situation. 
B)  They increase the likelihood that we will perceive a situation accurately. 
C)  They enable us to bypass working memory and store information directly in long-term memory. 
D)  They decrease the need for meaningful learning.

Question 17

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Working memory and long-term memory are two components of the memory system that, while occasionally interacting, often function independently of each other. 
B)  Working memory has several "compartments," enabling a number of unrelated pieces of information to be processed at the same time. 
C)  In some instances, information stored in the sensory register can move directly into long-term memory. 
D)  A single piece of information is stored in numerous places in long-term memory, with its retrieval and processing occurring at all locations simultaneously. 
A)  Working memory and long-term memory are two components of the memory system that, while occasionally interacting, often function independently of each other. 
B)  Working memory has several "compartments," enabling a number of unrelated pieces of information to be processed at the same time. 
C)  In some instances, information stored in the sensory register can move directly into long-term memory. 
D)  A single piece of information is stored in numerous places in long-term memory, with its retrieval and processing occurring at all locations simultaneously.

Question 18

Which one of the following is the best example of confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paula drops a stone and a paperclip from a second-story window. She sees that they reach the ground at the same time. "I know heavy objects fall faster," she says, "so I must have released the paperclip earlier than the stone." 
B)  Janet wonders why the moon appears bigger at the horizon than high in the sky. "Maybe it's closer to us when it's on the horizon," she thinks. 
C)  Rodney has heard that chocolate can be poisonous to dogs and in large amounts can even be fatal. He searches the Internet for a possible explanation for this puzzling fact. 
D)  Elliot loves watching challenging television game shows. He tries to answer questions along with the contestants, and he keeps score to see whether he might have won cash and prizes if he had actually been on the show. 
A)  Paula drops a stone and a paperclip from a second-story window. She sees that they reach the ground at the same time. "I know heavy objects fall faster," she says, "so I must have released the paperclip earlier than the stone." 
B)  Janet wonders why the moon appears bigger at the horizon than high in the sky. "Maybe it's closer to us when it's on the horizon," she thinks. 
C)  Rodney has heard that chocolate can be poisonous to dogs and in large amounts can even be fatal. He searches the Internet for a possible explanation for this puzzling fact. 
D)  Elliot loves watching challenging television game shows. He tries to answer questions along with the contestants, and he keeps score to see whether he might have won cash and prizes if he had actually been on the show.

Question 19

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Accepted Answer

A)  Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy. 
B)  Long-term memory is organized as a network. 
C)  The information is encoded in the form of visual images. 
D)  The information is encoded in the form of productions. 
A)  Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy. 
B)  Long-term memory is organized as a network. 
C)  The information is encoded in the form of visual images. 
D)  The information is encoded in the form of productions.

Question 20

Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is always better to learn a little bit about many topics than to learn a lot about a few topics. 
B)  Interconnected pieces of information are usually more useful than isolated pieces. 
C)  Most of our knowledge about the world is probably in episodic memory rather than in semantic memory. 
D)  Any single piece of information is stored in only one way. 
A)  It is always better to learn a little bit about many topics than to learn a lot about a few topics. 
B)  Interconnected pieces of information are usually more useful than isolated pieces. 
C)  Most of our knowledge about the world is probably in episodic memory rather than in semantic memory. 
D)  Any single piece of information is stored in only one way.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the use of a personal theory as a child learns the concept spider?

Ms. Lounge is teaching her son Joe the concept of cow by showing him pictures of both cows and bears. Joe thinks to himself, "Maybe all cows have horns; let me look at a few more pictures and check." Joe's reasoning best illustrates which one of the following views of concept learning?

Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not?

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is encoded in long-term memory as:

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?

Salience of features affects the ease with which people are likely to learn a concept. Which one of the following best illustrates a salient defining feature?

People often hold on stubbornly to their misconceptions about the world. Three of the following are possible explanations as to why this might be so. Which statement is not a likely explanation for the resilience of misconceptions?

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

When students have misconceptions about a concept, helping them acquire more scientifically acceptable understandings of that concept is difficult. It is most difficult when the student has:

Which of the following most accurately describes information that was encoded in the form of a production?

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?

For the concept hexagon, "large" can best be classified as:

Four boys read this line from a story: "The two men entered the restaurant and ordered hamburgers." Which one of the boys is clearly using a script while reading the story?

From the textbook's perspective, what is a key advantage of developing schemas and scripts?

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?

Which one of the following is the best example of confirmation bias?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

The Nature of Knowledge

Sociocultural Theories

Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

Filters

Exam 9: Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the use of a personal theory as a child learns the concept spider?

Ms. Lounge is teaching her son Joe the concept of cow by showing him pictures of both cows and bears. Joe thinks to himself, "Maybe all cows have horns; let me look at a few more pictures and check." Joe's reasoning best illustrates which one of the following views of concept learning?

Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not?

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is encoded in long-term memory as:

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?

Salience of features affects the ease with which people are likely to learn a concept. Which one of the following best illustrates a salient defining feature?

People often hold on stubbornly to their misconceptions about the world. Three of the following are possible explanations as to why this might be so. Which statement is not a likely explanation for the resilience of misconceptions?

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

When students have misconceptions about a concept, helping them acquire more scientifically acceptable understandings of that concept is difficult. It is most difficult when the student has:

Which of the following most accurately describes information that was encoded in the form of a production?

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?

For the concept hexagon, "large" can best be classified as:

Four boys read this line from a story: "The two men entered the restaurant and ordered hamburgers." Which one of the boys is clearly using a script while reading the story?

From the textbook's perspective, what is a key advantage of developing schemas and scripts?

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?

Which one of the following is the best example of confirmation bias?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

The Nature of Knowledge

Sociocultural Theories

Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

Filters