Exam 9: Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Children's misconceptions about the world may come from a variety of sources. Which one of the following is not a likely source that theorists have identified?

Ramon forms his concept of house after seeing numerous single-story houses in his small, middle-income town in Illinois. He is then shown pictures of an igloo in northern Canada, a mansion in Illinois, a single-story house in Mississippi, and a high-rise apartment building in New York City. Based on a prototype theory of concepts, which one is he most likely to identify as being a house?

At least four distinct forms of encoding have been theorized to exist in long-term memory: • Encoding in terms of physical characteristics • Encoding in terms of actions • Encoding in terms of symbols • Encoding in terms of meanings For each of these four forms of encoding, a) explain how information is stored in long-term memory, and b) give an example to illustrate your explanation.

When learning a new concept, people are most likely to be confused when:

In which of the following situations is a child most likely to be learning a concept through a buildup of associations?

If you were teaching students a new concept, which strategy would be most effective?

Describe three of the following perspectives regarding concept learning, and compare and contrast them regarding their usefulness in explaining how people acquire concepts: • Prototypes • Exemplars • Buildup of associations • Hypothesis testing

Memory theorists believe that people encode information in long-term memory in a number of different ways. They also believe that:

Corey understands the general meanings of 20 new vocabulary words, but to prepare for an upcoming quiz, he also memorizes the specific definitions his teacher has provided on a study guide. Two weeks later, he is given a surprise quiz on those vocabulary words. Considering research findings described in the text, we would expect that Corey:

When Mary thinks about what a dog is, several very different-looking animals come to mind, including greyhounds, German shepherds, cocker spaniels, and Chihuahuas. Which one of the following views of concept learning best characterizes Mary's knowledge of the concept dog?

Which one of the following factors is likely to have the greatest influence in the development of a person's worldview?

Which one of the following examples best illustrates implicit rather than explicit knowledge?

Four-year-old Kristen was asked if her mother's friend Jennifer was her aunt. Kristen responded: "yes, because she is a female adult who loves me and comes to my house for Thanksgiving". Kristen was not able to identify that Jennifer is a_______________ of aunts.

A well-known nursery rhyme e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Many of Mr. Henry's students have heard from family or friends that global climate change is a "hoax" perpetuated by certain politicians and policy makers. Mr. Henry is trying to convince them that, in fact, the earth's overall temperature is slowly rising and that, furthermore, the change is at least partly the result of human activity. The approach most likely to be successful in promoting conceptual change about climate change is to:

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is encoded in long-term memory?

Choose a concept with which you are familiar, and imagine that you have to teach that concept to a classroom of students. Describe the concept that you will teach, then explain five specific things you could do to help students learn the concept.

For the concept nurse, "female" can best be classified as:

Jacob knows that lions and tigers are both members of the cat family, and that cats and dogs are all mammals. Which one of the following statements best describes the information Jacob has stored?

You can easily remember your birth date; perhaps you can also remember what you did on your last birthday. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between: