Question 1

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development. 
B)  They can help children shed their preoperational egocentrism. 
C)  They foster traditional gender stereotypes. 
D)  They allow children to practice adult behaviors. 
A)  They are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development. 
B)  They can help children shed their preoperational egocentrism. 
C)  They foster traditional gender stereotypes. 
D)  They allow children to practice adult behaviors.

Question 2

Vygotsky proposed that thought and language are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Closely connected at all stages of life 
B)  Largely independent before age two but closely connected thereafter 
C)  Closely connected early in life and become increasingly independent with age 
D)  Largely independent until the elementary school years and closely connected thereafter 
A)  Closely connected at all stages of life 
B)  Largely independent before age two but closely connected thereafter 
C)  Closely connected early in life and become increasingly independent with age 
D)  Largely independent until the elementary school years and closely connected thereafter

Question 3

In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what important role does inner speech play?

Accepted Answer

A)  By giving themselves directions about the things to do and in what order, children guide themselves through complex tasks. 
B)  By using words mentally as well as orally, children develop more abstract representations of the world. 
C)  By practicing various grammatical structures mentally, children acquire more complex language capabilities. 
D)  By talking to themselves about what they should have done or said in a particular situation, children remember the situation more vividly. 
A)  By giving themselves directions about the things to do and in what order, children guide themselves through complex tasks. 
B)  By using words mentally as well as orally, children develop more abstract representations of the world. 
C)  By practicing various grammatical structures mentally, children acquire more complex language capabilities. 
D)  By talking to themselves about what they should have done or said in a particular situation, children remember the situation more vividly.

Question 4

Three of the following are examples of scaffolding. Which of the following is not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Modeling the correct way to perform a task 
B)  Asking thought provoking questions 
C)  Providing technological equipment to help with the task 
D)  Repeatedly stating that the task at hand is difficult 
A)  Modeling the correct way to perform a task 
B)  Asking thought provoking questions 
C)  Providing technological equipment to help with the task 
D)  Repeatedly stating that the task at hand is difficult

Question 5

In Vygotsky's theory, three of the following would be considered lower mental functions. Which one would be considered a higher mental function?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning to walk 
B)  Adding 3 and 3 to get 6 
C)  Identifying appropriate foods to eat 
D)  Finding one's way around the neighborhood 
A)  Learning to walk 
B)  Adding 3 and 3 to get 6 
C)  Identifying appropriate foods to eat 
D)  Finding one's way around the neighborhood

Question 6

Identify an instructional objective that might be achieved through an authentic activity. Then, in one or two paragraphs, describe the nature of the authentic activity.

Accepted Answer

An instructional objective that might be

Question 7

Mary takes care of several toddlers and preschoolers while their parents work during the day. One warm spring day, she has the children in a fenced-in area behind her home. A large dog comes running up to the fence. As the dog approaches, 2-year-old Todd looks at Mary. When he sees that she appears frightened, he immediately starts to cry. What phenomenon is Todd displaying in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Zone of proximal development 
B)  Social referencing 
C)  Accommodation 
D)  Assimilation 
A)  Zone of proximal development 
B)  Social referencing 
C)  Accommodation 
D)  Assimilation

Question 8

Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems. Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can say that the parents are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Presenting tasks that exceed the students' zone of proximal development 
B)  Encouraging the separation of thought and language 
C)  Engaging the students in guided participation also know as legitimate peripheral participation) 
D)  Helping each student work at his or her actual developmental level 
A)  Presenting tasks that exceed the students' zone of proximal development 
B)  Encouraging the separation of thought and language 
C)  Engaging the students in guided participation also know as legitimate peripheral participation) 
D)  Helping each student work at his or her actual developmental level

Question 9

Which one of the following alternatives is the best example of a socially construction memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  A father is reading a bedtime story to his young son. In the middle of the story, he stops reading and makes up a different ending to the story. 
B)  A teacher says, "Once upon a time, a young farmer ..." and then asks a student to complete the sentence. The teacher asks another student to provide a second sentence that relates to the first, asks a third student to supply a third sentence, and so on, until a complete story emerges. 
C)  As they sip their milkshakes at a local diner, two friends recall and talk about various scenes from a scary movie they've just seen at the movie theater. 
D)  As a boy thinks about his childhood he remembers his best friend who moved away. 
A)  A father is reading a bedtime story to his young son. In the middle of the story, he stops reading and makes up a different ending to the story. 
B)  A teacher says, "Once upon a time, a young farmer ..." and then asks a student to complete the sentence. The teacher asks another student to provide a second sentence that relates to the first, asks a third student to supply a third sentence, and so on, until a complete story emerges. 
C)  As they sip their milkshakes at a local diner, two friends recall and talk about various scenes from a scary movie they've just seen at the movie theater. 
D)  As a boy thinks about his childhood he remembers his best friend who moved away.

Question 10

From Vygotsky's perspective, why do cultural differences exist in people's cognitive abilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cultures differ in the extent to which they use inner speech. 
B)  The varying eating habits of different cultural groups influence children's nutrition and thus also influence brain maturation. 
C)  Different cultures pass along somewhat different cognitive tools. 
D)  Some cultures mediate children's experiences, whereas others do not. 
A)  Cultures differ in the extent to which they use inner speech. 
B)  The varying eating habits of different cultural groups influence children's nutrition and thus also influence brain maturation. 
C)  Different cultures pass along somewhat different cognitive tools. 
D)  Some cultures mediate children's experiences, whereas others do not.

Question 11

In recent years whole-class and small-group student discussions have become increasingly popular as methods of helping students master classroom subject matter. Identify at least five different ways in which peer-interactive approaches can enhance students' learning.

Accepted Answer

1. Increased engagement: Peer-interactiv

Question 12

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children's cognitive growth should be judged on the basis of their actual developmental level, not on the basis of their level of potential development. 
B)  Cognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterized by increasingly more complex thought and language. 
C)  Children progress, in part, by working on difficult tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals. 
D)  Language and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities. 
A)  Children's cognitive growth should be judged on the basis of their actual developmental level, not on the basis of their level of potential development. 
B)  Cognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterized by increasingly more complex thought and language. 
C)  Children progress, in part, by working on difficult tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals. 
D)  Language and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities.

Question 13

Three of the following teachers are providing scaffolding to help their students learn. Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ms. Applegate gives her students a structure to follow when they write their first essay. 
B)  Mr. Bernardo teaches students how to perform an overhand throw by gently guiding each student through the correct movement a few times. 
C)  Ms. Chen gives her class some hints about how to solve an especially difficult word problem. 
D)  Mr. Donaldson takes his students on an all-day field trip to the art museum. 
A)  Ms. Applegate gives her students a structure to follow when they write their first essay. 
B)  Mr. Bernardo teaches students how to perform an overhand throw by gently guiding each student through the correct movement a few times. 
C)  Ms. Chen gives her class some hints about how to solve an especially difficult word problem. 
D)  Mr. Donaldson takes his students on an all-day field trip to the art museum.

Question 14

Which one of the following issues reflects a fundamental difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Whether challenging tasks promote cognitive development 
B)  Whether social interactions are important for cognitive development 
C)  How much children require adult guidance to make cognitive gains 
D)  Whether preschoolers are cognitively ready to handle complex, adultlike tasks 
A)  Whether challenging tasks promote cognitive development 
B)  Whether social interactions are important for cognitive development 
C)  How much children require adult guidance to make cognitive gains 
D)  Whether preschoolers are cognitively ready to handle complex, adultlike tasks

Question 15

If you were to criticize Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, which one of the following would you be most likely to say?

Accepted Answer

A)  "It ignores the effects that formal education has on cognitive development." 
B)  "It disregards the important roles that peers play in children's development." 
C)  "It's a bit vague in its explanations of how development occurs." 
D)  "It places heavy emphasis on drill and practice as factors promoting development." 
A)  "It ignores the effects that formal education has on cognitive development." 
B)  "It disregards the important roles that peers play in children's development." 
C)  "It's a bit vague in its explanations of how development occurs." 
D)  "It places heavy emphasis on drill and practice as factors promoting development."

Question 16

Which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use of natural lighting in a studio art class 
B)  A jigsaw in a woodworking class 
C)  Use of country-western music in an aerobics class 
D)  The concept pi π) in a geometry class 
A)  Use of natural lighting in a studio art class 
B)  A jigsaw in a woodworking class 
C)  Use of country-western music in an aerobics class 
D)  The concept pi π) in a geometry class

Question 17

Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories. 
B)  Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. 
C)  Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that it helps to keep the tempo if he taps the beat with his foot. 
D)  Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints. 
A)  Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories. 
B)  Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. 
C)  Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that it helps to keep the tempo if he taps the beat with his foot. 
D)  Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints.

Question 18

Ms. Killian and her fourth graders have been growing sunflowers under various conditions-they have grown sunflowers in different kinds of soil, with different amounts of water, and in varying degrees of sunlight. Below are four statements that Ms. Killian makes related to the sunflowers. Which one is most consistent with the idea of a cognitive apprenticeship?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Who can tell me what photosynthesis is?" 
B)  "How many of you have grown sunflowers at home? How many of you have moms or dads who are gardeners?" 
C)  "This sunflower is taller than that sunflower over there. Let's consider what the growing conditions for the two flowers have been and try to figure out what might have led to the difference we see." 
D)  "Elaine, please give each plant the same amount of water today that you gave it yesterday. Also, be sure that you keep each plant in the same location, so that the amount of sunlight it gets stays the same." 
A)  "Who can tell me what photosynthesis is?" 
B)  "How many of you have grown sunflowers at home? How many of you have moms or dads who are gardeners?" 
C)  "This sunflower is taller than that sunflower over there. Let's consider what the growing conditions for the two flowers have been and try to figure out what might have led to the difference we see." 
D)  "Elaine, please give each plant the same amount of water today that you gave it yesterday. Also, be sure that you keep each plant in the same location, so that the amount of sunlight it gets stays the same."

Question 19

Use concepts from Vygotsky's perspective of cognitive development to describe how you learned about Vygotsky's theory in this class. Your response should include references to at least three of the following concepts: zone of proximal development, self-talk, inner speech, internalization, and scaffolding.

Accepted Answer

In this class, I learned about Vygotsky'

Question 20

Xavier loves to write poetry. Often he uses techniques that his favorite poets use, but typically he modifies these techniques to better suit his own style. This situation illustrates which one of the following concepts in Vygotsky's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Appropriation 
B)  Mediated learning 
C)  Actual developmental level 
D)  Level of potential development 
A)  Appropriation 
B)  Mediated learning 
C)  Actual developmental level 
D)  Level of potential development

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects?

Vygotsky proposed that thought and language are:

In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what important role does inner speech play?

Three of the following are examples of scaffolding. Which of the following is not?

In Vygotsky's theory, three of the following would be considered lower mental functions. Which one would be considered a higher mental function?

Identify an instructional objective that might be achieved through an authentic activity. Then, in one or two paragraphs, describe the nature of the authentic activity.

Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems. Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can say that the parents are:

Which one of the following alternatives is the best example of a socially construction memory?

From Vygotsky's perspective, why do cultural differences exist in people's cognitive abilities?

In recent years whole-class and small-group student discussions have become increasingly popular as methods of helping students master classroom subject matter. Identify at least five different ways in which peer-interactive approaches can enhance students' learning.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Three of the following teachers are providing scaffolding to help their students learn. Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding?

Which one of the following issues reflects a fundamental difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?

If you were to criticize Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, which one of the following would you be most likely to say?

Which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool?

Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

Xavier loves to write poetry. Often he uses techniques that his favorite poets use, but typically he modifies these techniques to better suit his own style. This situation illustrates which one of the following concepts in Vygotsky's theory?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

The Nature of Knowledge

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theories

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

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Exam 11: Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects?

Vygotsky proposed that thought and language are:

In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what important role does inner speech play?

Three of the following are examples of scaffolding. Which of the following is not?

In Vygotsky's theory, three of the following would be considered lower mental functions. Which one would be considered a higher mental function?

Identify an instructional objective that might be achieved through an authentic activity. Then, in one or two paragraphs, describe the nature of the authentic activity.

Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems. Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can say that the parents are:

Which one of the following alternatives is the best example of a socially construction memory?

From Vygotsky's perspective, why do cultural differences exist in people's cognitive abilities?

In recent years whole-class and small-group student discussions have become increasingly popular as methods of helping students master classroom subject matter. Identify at least five different ways in which peer-interactive approaches can enhance students' learning.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Three of the following teachers are providing scaffolding to help their students learn. Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding?

Which one of the following issues reflects a fundamental difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?

If you were to criticize Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, which one of the following would you be most likely to say?

Which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool?

Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

Xavier loves to write poetry. Often he uses techniques that his favorite poets use, but typically he modifies these techniques to better suit his own style. This situation illustrates which one of the following concepts in Vygotsky's theory?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

The Nature of Knowledge

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theories

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

Filters