Question 1

Which of the following reactions is an example of K-electron capture?

Accepted Answer

A)  ${ }_{73}^{183} \mathrm{Ta} \rightarrow{ }_{74}^{183} \mathrm{~W}+{ }_{-1}^{0} e$ 
B)  ${ }_{20}^{41} \mathrm{Ca}+{ }_{-1}^{0} e \rightarrow{ }_{19}^{41} \mathrm{~K}$ 
C)  ${ }_{26}^{58} \mathrm{Fe}+{ }_{0}^{1} n \rightarrow{ }_{26}^{59} \mathrm{Fe}$ 
D)  ${ }_{84}^{197} \mathrm{Po} \rightarrow{ }_{82}^{193} \mathrm{~Pb}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ 
E)  ${ }_{3}^{7} \mathrm{Li}+{ }_{1}^{1} p \rightarrow 2{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ 
A)  ${ }_{73}^{183} \mathrm{Ta} \rightarrow{ }_{74}^{183} \mathrm{~W}+{ }_{-1}^{0} e$ 
B)  ${ }_{20}^{41} \mathrm{Ca}+{ }_{-1}^{0} e \rightarrow{ }_{19}^{41} \mathrm{~K}$ 
C)  ${ }_{26}^{58} \mathrm{Fe}+{ }_{0}^{1} n \rightarrow{ }_{26}^{59} \mathrm{Fe}$ 
D)  ${ }_{84}^{197} \mathrm{Po} \rightarrow{ }_{82}^{193} \mathrm{~Pb}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ 
E)  ${ }_{3}^{7} \mathrm{Li}+{ }_{1}^{1} p \rightarrow 2{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ B

Question 2

Complete the following nuclear reaction. ${ }_{98}^{249} \mathrm{Cf}+{ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow 4_{0}^{1} n$

Accepted Answer

A)  ${ }_{92}^{237} \mathrm{U}$ 
B)  ${ }_{92}^{241} \mathrm{U}$ 
C)  ${ }_{98}^{254} \mathrm{Cf}$ 
D)  ${ }_{104}^{257} \mathrm{Cf}$ 
E)  ${ }_{104}^{261} \mathrm{Rf}$ 
A)  ${ }_{92}^{237} \mathrm{U}$ 
B)  ${ }_{92}^{241} \mathrm{U}$ 
C)  ${ }_{98}^{254} \mathrm{Cf}$ 
D)  ${ }_{104}^{257} \mathrm{Cf}$ 
E)  ${ }_{104}^{261} \mathrm{Rf}$ D

Question 3

An extremely sensitive method has recently been developed for measuring $ { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} $ concentrations in organic materials.What is this method?

Accepted Answer

A)  acid titration 
B)  nuclear magnetic resonance 
C)  gas chromatography 
D)  atomic absorption spectrometry 
E)  mass spectrometry 
A)  acid titration 
B)  nuclear magnetic resonance 
C)  gas chromatography 
D)  atomic absorption spectrometry 
E)  mass spectrometry E

Question 4

Complete the following nuclear decay reaction. ${ }_{88}^{221} \mathrm{Ra} \rightarrow+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$

Accepted Answer

A)  ${ }_{86}^{217} \mathrm{Rn}$ 
B)  ${ }_{88}^{217} \mathrm{Ra}$ 
C)  ${ }_{92}^{217} \mathrm{U}$ 
D)  ${ }_{86}^{225} \mathrm{Rn}$ 
E)  ${ }_{90}^{225} \mathrm{Th}$ 
A)  ${ }_{86}^{217} \mathrm{Rn}$ 
B)  ${ }_{88}^{217} \mathrm{Ra}$ 
C)  ${ }_{92}^{217} \mathrm{U}$ 
D)  ${ }_{86}^{225} \mathrm{Rn}$ 
E)  ${ }_{90}^{225} \mathrm{Th}$

Question 5

Radioactive elements have been used

Accepted Answer

A)  to determine the age of artifacts. 
B)  to treat food to reduce spoilage. 
C)  in smoke detectors. 
D)  both a and b 
E)  all of the above 
A)  to determine the age of artifacts. 
B)  to treat food to reduce spoilage. 
C)  in smoke detectors. 
D)  both a and b 
E)  all of the above

Question 6

The following reaction is an example of ____. 
${ }_{92}^{236} \mathrm{U} \rightarrow{ }_{39}^{96} \mathrm{Y}+{ }_{53}^{136} \mathrm{I}+4{ }_{0}^{1} n$

Accepted Answer

A)  fusion 
B)  fission 
C)  gamma radiation emission 
D)  beta emission 
E)  neutron bombardment 
A)  fusion 
B)  fission 
C)  gamma radiation emission 
D)  beta emission 
E)  neutron bombardment

Question 7

Carbon dating can be applied to organic materials up to 5.0 × 104 years old.What percentage of the original $ { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} $ is present in a sample after this much time? The half-life of  $ { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} $ is 5730 yr.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.0011% 
B)  0.24% 
C)  0.89% 
D)  6.0% 
E)  8.7% 
A)  0.0011% 
B)  0.24% 
C)  0.89% 
D)  6.0% 
E)  8.7%

Question 8

The molar nuclear mass of fluorine-19 is 18.99840 g/mol.The molar mass of a proton is 1.007825 g/mol.The molar mass of a neutron is 1.008665 g/mol.Calculate the binding energy (in kJ/mol)of F-19.(c = 2.998 × 108 m/s)

Accepted Answer

A)  6.753 × 109 kJ/mol 
B)  7.131 × 109 kJ/mol 
C)  1.426 × 1010 kJ/mol 
D)  8.609 × 1011 kJ/mol 
E)  8.538 × 1011 kJ/mol 
A)  6.753 × 109 kJ/mol 
B)  7.131 × 109 kJ/mol 
C)  1.426 × 1010 kJ/mol 
D)  8.609 × 1011 kJ/mol 
E)  8.538 × 1011 kJ/mol

Question 9

The decay constant,k,for  $ { }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra} $ is 1.37 × 10−11 s−1.What mass of $ { }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra} $  has an activity of 1.06 × 109 atoms/s?

Accepted Answer

A)  6.60 × 10−6 g 
B)  1.49 × 10−3 g 
C)  2.90 × 10−2 g 
D)  3.44 × 101 g 
E)  8.97 × 102 g 
A)  6.60 × 10−6 g 
B)  1.49 × 10−3 g 
C)  2.90 × 10−2 g 
D)  3.44 × 101 g 
E)  8.97 × 102 g

Question 10

What nucleus decays by beta emission to produce antimony-121?

Accepted Answer

A)  ${ }_{50}^{120} \mathrm{Sn}$ 
B)  ${ }_{51}^{122} \mathrm{Sb}$ 
C)  ${ }_{50}^{121} \mathrm{Sn}$ 
D)  ${ }_{52}^{121} \mathrm{Te}$ 
E)  ${ }_{53}^{125} \mathrm{D}$ 
A)  ${ }_{50}^{120} \mathrm{Sn}$ 
B)  ${ }_{51}^{122} \mathrm{Sb}$ 
C)  ${ }_{50}^{121} \mathrm{Sn}$ 
D)  ${ }_{52}^{121} \mathrm{Te}$ 
E)  ${ }_{53}^{125} \mathrm{D}$

Question 11

The rate constant for the decay of copper-62 is 9.8 minutes−1.What is the half-life of this isotope?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.071 m. 
B)  1.6 m. 
C)  14 m. 
D)  0.10 m. 
E)  9.8 m. 
A)  0.071 m. 
B)  1.6 m. 
C)  14 m. 
D)  0.10 m. 
E)  9.8 m.

Question 12

Human exposure to radiation comes primarily from

Accepted Answer

A)  medical x-rays. 
B)  sitting too close to the television. 
C)  nuclear fallout from bomb tests. 
D)  radon gas. 
E)  using cellular telephones. 
A)  medical x-rays. 
B)  sitting too close to the television. 
C)  nuclear fallout from bomb tests. 
D)  radon gas. 
E)  using cellular telephones.

Question 13

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  for a nuclear fission chain reaction to occur,one neutron must be produced for each one consumed. 
B)  in a light water nuclear reactor,steam drives the turbines used to generate electricity. 
C)  in a fission reactor, ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$ reacts with a neutron to produce more neutrons and products of lower mass. 
D)  many of the fission products of ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$ are radioactive. 
E)  one function of the water in a light water reactor is to slow down neutrons given off by fission. 
A)  for a nuclear fission chain reaction to occur,one neutron must be produced for each one consumed. 
B)  in a light water nuclear reactor,steam drives the turbines used to generate electricity. 
C)  in a fission reactor, ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$ reacts with a neutron to produce more neutrons and products of lower mass. 
D)  many of the fission products of ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$ are radioactive. 
E)  one function of the water in a light water reactor is to slow down neutrons given off by fission.

Question 14

The point of maximum stability in the binding energy curve occurs in the vicinity of which one of the following isotopes?

Accepted Answer

A)  ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ 
B)  ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$ 
C)  ${ }_{5}^{11} \mathrm{B}$ 
D)  ${ }_{83}^{209} \mathrm{Bi}$ 
E)  ${ }_{91}^{231} \mathrm{Pa}$ 
A)  ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ 
B)  ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$ 
C)  ${ }_{5}^{11} \mathrm{B}$ 
D)  ${ }_{83}^{209} \mathrm{Bi}$ 
E)  ${ }_{91}^{231} \mathrm{Pa}$

Question 15

All of the following statements concerning radiocarbon dating are true EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of meteorites. 
B)  the decay of $ { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} $ is used for radiocarbon dating. 
C)  radioactive carbon is produced by the reaction of cosmic radiation and nitrogen-14. 
D)  radioactive carbon decays into a nitrogen-14 atom and a beta particle. 
E)  radiocarbon dating is limited to objects less than 50,000 years old. 
A)  radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of meteorites. 
B)  the decay of $ { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} $ is used for radiocarbon dating. 
C)  radioactive carbon is produced by the reaction of cosmic radiation and nitrogen-14. 
D)  radioactive carbon decays into a nitrogen-14 atom and a beta particle. 
E)  radiocarbon dating is limited to objects less than 50,000 years old.

Question 16

The energy change for a nuclear reaction can be calculated from which of the following equations?

Accepted Answer

A)  $\Delta E=\frac{h c}{\lambda} $ 
B)  ΔE = hv 
C)  ΔE = cΔm2 
D)  ΔE = c2Δm 
E)  $\Delta E=\frac{1}{2}{m}{v^2} $ 
A)  $\Delta E=\frac{h c}{\lambda} $ 
B)  ΔE = hv 
C)  ΔE = cΔm2 
D)  ΔE = c2Δm 
E)  $\Delta E=\frac{1}{2}{m}{v^2} $

Question 17

The half-life of americium-241 is 457 years.What is the activity in curies of a 0.010 g sample of Am-241? (1 Ci = 3.700 × 1010 atom/s)

Accepted Answer

A)  0.032 Ci 
B)  1.0 Ci 
C)  1.0 × 106 Ci 
D)  1.0 × 109 Ci 
E)  3.79 × 1016 Ci 
A)  0.032 Ci 
B)  1.0 Ci 
C)  1.0 × 106 Ci 
D)  1.0 × 109 Ci 
E)  3.79 × 1016 Ci

Question 18

Most of the sun's energy is produced primarily from

Accepted Answer

A)  nuclear fission of 235U. 
B)  nuclear fusion of 235U. 
C)  nuclear fission of 1H. 
D)  nuclear fusion of 1H. 
E)  nuclear fusion of 2H. 
A)  nuclear fission of 235U. 
B)  nuclear fusion of 235U. 
C)  nuclear fission of 1H. 
D)  nuclear fusion of 1H. 
E)  nuclear fusion of 2H.

Question 19

Calculate the energy change per mole for the following reaction? ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H} \rightarrow{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ The mass of ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}$ is 2.01355 amu and the mass of ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$ is 4.00150 amu.

Accepted Answer

A)  2.30 × 109 kJ/mol 
B)  9.00 × 109 kJ/mol 
C)  1.79 × 1011 kJ/mol 
D)  3.52 × 1012 kJ/mol 
E)  2.84 × 1013 kJ/mol 
A)  2.30 × 109 kJ/mol 
B)  9.00 × 109 kJ/mol 
C)  1.79 × 1011 kJ/mol 
D)  3.52 × 1012 kJ/mol 
E)  2.84 × 1013 kJ/mol

Question 20

Calculate the energy released (per mole of deuterium consumed)for the following fusion reaction, ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H} \rightarrow{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+{ }_{0}^{1} n$ given the following molar masses of nucleons and nuclei.
(c = 2.998 × 108 m/s) particle
$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { particle } & \text { mass }(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mol}) \
\hline \text { proton } & 1.007825 \
\text { neutron } & 1.008665 \
\text { deuterium } & 2.0140 \
\text { tritium } & 3.01605 \
\text { helium-4 } & 4.00260
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A)  5.63 × 103 kJ/mol 
B)  1.69 × 1012 kJ/mol 
C)  4.62 × 1010 kJ/mol 
D)  8.44 × 108 kJ/mol 
E)  1.69 × 109 kJ/mol 
A)  5.63 × 103 kJ/mol 
B)  1.69 × 1012 kJ/mol 
C)  4.62 × 1010 kJ/mol 
D)  8.44 × 108 kJ/mol 
E)  1.69 × 109 kJ/mol

Exam 18: Nuclear Reactions

Which of the following reactions is an example of K-electron capture?

Complete the following nuclear reaction. 98249Cf+612C→401n{ }_{98}^{249} \mathrm{Cf}+{ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow 4_{0}^{1} n98249​Cf+612​C→401​n

An extremely sensitive method has recently been developed for measuring 614C { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} 614​C concentrations in organic materials.What is this method?

Complete the following nuclear decay reaction. 88221Ra→+24He{ }_{88}^{221} \mathrm{Ra} \rightarrow+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}88221​Ra→+24​He

Radioactive elements have been used

The following reaction is an example of ____. 92236U→3996Y+53136I+401n{ }_{92}^{236} \mathrm{U} \rightarrow{ }_{39}^{96} \mathrm{Y}+{ }_{53}^{136} \mathrm{I}+4{ }_{0}^{1} n92236​U→3996​Y+53136​I+401​n

Carbon dating can be applied to organic materials up to 5.0 × 104 years old.What percentage of the original 614C { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} 614​C is present in a sample after this much time? The half-life of 614C { }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C} 614​C is 5730 yr.

The molar nuclear mass of fluorine-19 is 18.99840 g/mol.The molar mass of a proton is 1.007825 g/mol.The molar mass of a neutron is 1.008665 g/mol.Calculate the binding energy (in kJ/mol)of F-19.(c = 2.998 × 108 m/s)

The decay constant,k,for 88226Ra { }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra} 88226​Ra is 1.37 × 10−11 s−1.What mass of 88226Ra { }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra} 88226​Ra has an activity of 1.06 × 109 atoms/s?

What nucleus decays by beta emission to produce antimony-121?

The rate constant for the decay of copper-62 is 9.8 minutes−1.What is the half-life of this isotope?

Human exposure to radiation comes primarily from

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

The point of maximum stability in the binding energy curve occurs in the vicinity of which one of the following isotopes?

All of the following statements concerning radiocarbon dating are true EXCEPT

The energy change for a nuclear reaction can be calculated from which of the following equations?

The half-life of americium-241 is 457 years.What is the activity in curies of a 0.010 g sample of Am-241? (1 Ci = 3.700 × 1010 atom/s)

Most of the sun's energy is produced primarily from

Matter and Measurements

Atoms, molecules, and Ions

Mass Relations in Chemistry;stoichiometry

Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Gases

Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table

Covalent Bonding

Thermochemistry

Liquids and Solids

Solutions

Rate of Reaction

Gaseous Chemical Equilibrium

Acids and Bases

Equilibria in Acid-Base Solutions

Complex Ion and Precipitation Equilibria

Spontaneity of Reaction

Electrochemistry

Complex Ions

Chemistry of the Metals

Chemistry of the Nonmetals

Organic Chemistry

Organic Polymers, natural and Synthetic

Filters

Complete the following nuclear reaction. ${ }_{98}^{249} \mathrm{Cf}+{ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow 4_{0}^{1} n$

An extremely sensitive method has recently been developed for measuring ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ concentrations in organic materials.What is this method?

Complete the following nuclear decay reaction. ${ }_{88}^{221} \mathrm{Ra} \rightarrow+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$

The following reaction is an example of ____. ${ }_{92}^{236} \mathrm{U} \rightarrow{ }_{39}^{96} \mathrm{Y}+{ }_{53}^{136} \mathrm{I}+4{ }_{0}^{1} n$

Carbon dating can be applied to organic materials up to 5.0 × 10⁴ years old.What percentage of the original ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ is present in a sample after this much time? The half-life of ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ is 5730 yr.

The molar nuclear mass of fluorine-19 is 18.99840 g/mol.The molar mass of a proton is 1.007825 g/mol.The molar mass of a neutron is 1.008665 g/mol.Calculate the binding energy (in kJ/mol)of F-19.(c = 2.998 × 10⁸ m/s)

The decay constant,k,for ${ }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra}$ is 1.37 × 10−¹¹ s−¹.What mass of ${ }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra}$ has an activity of 1.06 × 10⁹ atoms/s?

The rate constant for the decay of copper-62 is 9.8 minutes−¹.What is the half-life of this isotope?

The half-life of americium-241 is 457 years.What is the activity in curies of a 0.010 g sample of Am-241? (1 Ci = 3.700 × 10¹⁰ atom/s)