Exam 7: Class and Stratification in the United States

Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common?

Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities-that is, online communities of various types-fit the sociological definition of a community.

Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of_____________ .

Describe sociologist William Graham Sumner's concepts of ingroups and outgroups. Explain the positive and negative consequences of both ingroups and outgroups for members.

In his series of experiments, Asch found that virtually no one was willing to stand up to group pressure and give the correct response.

A(n) ____________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.

Almost ____________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

____________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

People do not voluntarily become members of ____________ organizations.

Describe the iron law of oligarchy, and explain why bureaucratic hierarchies and oligarchies go hand in hand.

"Bureaucratic personality" refers to ______________.

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group has experienced____________ .

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n)____________ .

Only secondary groups have leaders; primary groups do not.

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group.

____________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.

A(n)____________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________.