Exam 11: Chi-Square Tests and Strategies When Population Distributions Are Not Normal

Which of the following is an appropriate type of data transformation procedure for a set of scores in the behavioral and social sciences?

The approximate power for the chi-square test for independence in a study with a predicated medium effect size and sample size of 100 (df total = 3)would be:

Do people think that diversity in a large population is healthy or damaging? At a particular college, responses of a randomly selected group of students found that 10 students majoring in behavioral sciences thought diversity healthy and 3 thought it damaging. In the natural sciences, 4 thought diversity healthy and 8 thought it damaging. In the arts, 18 thought diversity healthy and 7 thought it damaging. In the languages, 6 thought diversity healthy and 7 thought it damaging. Finally, in the field of history, 4 students thought diversity healthy and 9 thought it damaging. Do these results suggest that opinions about diversity vary over different majors? (Use the .05 significance level.) a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing. b. Sketch the chi-square distribution. c. Explain the logic of what you have done. d. Figure a measure of effect size and indicate whether it is small, medium, or large. e. Figure the approximate power.

In a chi-square test of independence, the term "expected frequency" generally refers to:

In a 3 by 4 contingency table, there are:

For the following question(s): In a developing country, 100 people were randomly surveyed about their socioeconomic class and religious affiliation. Here are the results and an excerpt from the results section of this fictional study: -Of the total population, what percentage was comprised of agnostics, atheists, and others?

Smith and Jones reported that male cartoon characters were more likely than female cartoon characters to be depicted as villains X² (1)= 13.28, p = .02. Is this result statistically significant? (Yes or No)

When you are using ranked data, the population distribution tends to be ___________ in shape. (Hint: there are equal numbers-one-of each rank.)

According to Cohen's conventions for the phi coefficient, a large effect size is:

A new school district superintendent was preparing to reallocate resources for physically impaired students. He wanted to know if the schools in his district differed in the distribution of physically impaired students. He tested samples of 20 students from each of his five schools. He found 4 impaired (and 16 unimpaired)students at School 1; 1 impaired (and 19 unimpaired)at School 2; 6 (and 14)at School 3; 3 (and 17)at School 4; and 7 (and 13)at School 5. Do these data suggest that the distribution of physically impaired students is different at different schools? (Use the .01 significance level.) a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing. b. Sketch the chi-square distribution. c. Explain the logic of what you have done. d. Figure a measure of effect size and indicate whether it is small, medium, or large. e. Figure the approximate power.

What is the approximate total number of participants needed for 80% power for the chi-square test of independence (.05 significance level, total df = 2)with a predicted large effect size?

Which of the following research questions cannot be answered using a chi-square analysis?

Which of the following is a nonparametric test?

In a situation with three groups, you would normally do a one-way analysis of variance. If you were to use a rank-order method, however, you would use the:

The general name for a test that can be performed on scores from a population with any shaped distribution is __________.

Which of the following is a positive feature of rank-order tests?

The inventor of the chi-square test was:

The effect-size measure for a chi-square test for independence used with a contingency table that is larger than 2 by 2 is known as:

Of the following rank-order tests, which applies to the same kind of research situation as a t test for independent means?

When discussing the pattern in a contingency table, the word "independence" means: