Exam 10: Observational Learning

In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________.

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________.

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________.

There are two kinds of social observational learning experiences, vicarious _______ and vicarious _______.

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________.

Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child.

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences.

Berger found that one important variable affecting observational learning in humans is the _______ of the model.

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a Local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, But has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the Time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______.

The traditional view of observational learning is what the author of your text calls _______ observational learning.

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______.

The research of Rosekrans and Hartup on aggression suggests that if a model's behavior is sometimes reinforced and sometimes punished, it is more likely to be imitated than if it is consistently reinforced.

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______.

Design an experiment to determine the role of delayed reinforcement of a model's behavior in observational learning. (inferred) A group design might have children observe an adult model, with the model's target behavior reinforced immediately in one condition and after a delay in another. In a single case design, the same children might observe models in two situations, one involving immediate reinforcement, the other involving delayed reinforcement. In either study, the dependent variable would be the tendency of the observers to imitate the target behavior.

All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.

The author of your text identifies two kinds of observational learning: _______ and _______.

Discuss the role of observational learning in criminal behavior.

Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.

Keith and Catherine Hayes found that their adoptee, Viki, learned more from observing models than some children of about the same age. This was surprising because Viki was a _________.

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ .