Chat with AIExam 3: Cognitive Development in the Early Years
Parents wish to locate a program for their toddler and preschool children that is developmentally appropriate.What elements would you advise these parents to look for in the programs they observe?
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VerifiedQuality teacher-child interactions:
Effective teacher-child interactions are marked by enthusiasm,respect,and mutual enjoyment,without displays of anger,aggression,or harshness.Teachers encourage and support child-child interactions that have the same high quality.Teachers are sensitive and responsive to children's emotional cues.Their conversation is elaborative,tuned in to children's level of understanding,with feedback that helps children to more fully develop their conceptual knowledge.Most teacher-child interactions are one-to-one or with small groups.Children's interests guide these interactions,and children are directly involved in planning daily activities and longer term projects.Activities foster practical opportunities for learning letters,phonemes,numbers,and facts about science,geography,and so on without drilling or rote practice (see Hamre & Pianta,2007).Play,including exploratory,pretend,and physical (rough and tumble)play,is encouraged and supported.Play is encouraged as the medium through which children naturally learn.
Structural elements:
Teachers' education.Look for teachers with bachelors' degrees and preparation in child development and early childhood education.
Teacher-child ratios.For 3-year-olds,maximum teacher-child ratios of 9:1 are recommended,with total class size not exceeding 18.For 4-year-olds,the recommended teacher-child maximum is 10:1,with no more than 20 children per group.
A variety of equipment and materials.Material choices provide children with a range of opportunities to develop skills and knowledge,and they make it possible for children's interests and planning to play an important role in the curriculum.Children should have access to lots of books,art and writing supplies,opportunities to play with water,sand,and other media,blocks and other building toys,as well as a range of toys and materials that support pretend play.
General characteristics.Parents should be welcome to make an appointment to visit a classroom.Look for at least two teachers in each classroom.NIEER suggests looking for "safe spaces with children comfortable and engaged in what they are doing,not easily distracted or wandering aimlessly;children seem happy,not distressed,bored or crying;adults are caring,...responsive to children's needs and requests,and involved (emphasis added)in what children are doing" (Frede,2008).Check the teacher turnover rate if possible.
Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud to self)played an important role in cognitive development by
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A counselor tries to use sports' metaphors with her clients in order to help them gain insight into their behavior.Certain clients lack the background knowledge about sports to understand her messages,so they fail to demonstrate any increased understanding about themselves or their problems.This primarily describes a failure of
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The incidence rate of autism and autistic spectrum disorders is rising.Long-term epidemiological research at the University of California-Davis continues to investigate the cause,and their study focuses on which of the following?
(30) Which of the following research techniques is an appropriate method for studying cognitive development of individuals during the sensorimotor period?
(34) Piaget's hidden object test was designed to assess which of the following?
(34) According to Vygotsky,language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____________ that facilitates learning and thinking.
(38) In Piaget's work with children,he established that a child's process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit.This aspect of adaptation is known as what?
(30) The ability to use language to communicate effectively by using well-organized narratives primarily depends upon the development of ____________ skill.
(32) Vygotsky and Luria believed that egocentric or private speech was the precursor to what?
(35) Ms.Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter,who is afraid of the dark.He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV.Ms.Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters,but to no avail.Peter still refuses to go to sleep.What Piagetian idea helps to explain why Peter does not understand the truth about the unreality of TV monsters?
(46) Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn,but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word.This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called
(45) Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Which explanation of his behavior is most likely to be accurate?
(39) Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people's intentions,desires,beliefs,feelings,and so on.This field of study is referred to as
(36) The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum
(36) Ms.Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter,who is afraid of the dark.He believes monsters like he has seen on TV come out at night.Ms.Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters,but to no avail.Peter still refuses to go to sleep.What might Piaget propose as the reason for this treatment failure?
(38) Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky investigated children's cognitive growth.What was the emphasis of his central theory of cognitive development?
(34) Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory?
(45) According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,what did he call the stage children typically experience during the preschool years,beginning around the age of 2?
(40) Mrs.Harmon,the mother of 18-month-old Bryce,is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well.He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants.Based on her reading of several child development books,Mrs.Harmon believes that Bryce should have progressed further in language learning.Mrs.Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally.Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages,what would be your best advice?
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