Exam 3: Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr.Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university.He puts the names of all the participants in a hat.The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder).Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk).He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university.He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr.Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr.Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university.He puts the names of all the participants in a hat.The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder).Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk).He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university.He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr.Kang's study?

Name the three criteria/rules necessary for making a causal claim.Describe why each is important.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr.Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university.He puts the names of all the participants in a hat.The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder).Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk).He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university.He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr.Kang can make which of the following claims?

Which of the following is NOT a research claim?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups.Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are likely more interested in than .

Name the three types of claims.Explain the difference between claims.

A Type I error is known as which of the following?

Dr.Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students.Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?

Which of the following is the difference between claims based on personal experience (anecdotal claims) and frequency claims?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr.Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr.LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr.LaSalle making?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music.Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups.Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, the article's headline is because .

Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr.Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university.He puts the names of all the participants in a hat.The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder).Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk).He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university.He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr.Kang sends his study to a journal to be published.One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr.Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional.The reviewer is questioning which of the following?

For the following three terms, create a measured operational definition for each: academic success, attention, and social anxiety.

Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim?

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music.Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study?