Question 1

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. 
B)  Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. 
C)  An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance. 
D)  Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. 
A)  Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. 
B)  Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. 
C)  An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance. 
D)  Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. A

Question 2

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings.
• A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig.
• B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05)
• C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
State two questions that you might ask if you were to interrogate the construct validity of Dr.Moynihan's study.

Accepted Answer

Students should pose at least two questions that relate to the reliability of the measures or the validity of the measures. For example, one question could be: "Is the measure of neuroticism really measuring neuroticism?" Another question could be: "Are people able to reliably report on the number of nightmares experienced in the past month?"

Question 3

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is necessary for establishing internal validity. 
B)  It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. 
C)  It involves testing effect sizes. 
D)  It is only done when you have two quantitative variables. 
A)  It is necessary for establishing internal validity. 
B)  It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. 
C)  It involves testing effect sizes. 
D)  It is only done when you have two quantitative variables. B

Question 4

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations:
a. A curvilinear association
b. A positive association with a large effect size
c. A zero association

Accepted Answer

Students should draw three scatterplots.

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings.
• A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig.
• B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05)
• C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Imagine that Dr.Moynihan is concerned about curvilinear relationships.Which of the three relationships is most likely to be affected by a curvilinear relationship? How should Dr.Moynihan check for this type of relationship? Why would this be effective?

Accepted Answer

Relationship A (number of panic attacks

Question 6

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the sample is very large 
B)  When the study has life-or-death implications 
C)  When the finding is also statistically significant 
D)  When external validity is high 
A)  When the sample is very large 
B)  When the study has life-or-death implications 
C)  When the finding is also statistically significant 
D)  When external validity is high

Question 7

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
The "not sig." in Dr.Guidry's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. 
B)  Effect size could not be calculated. 
C)  There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. 
D)  She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friends. 
A)  It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. 
B)  Effect size could not be calculated. 
C)  There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. 
D)  She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friends.

Question 8

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Matt, Dr.Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students.He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction.Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

Accepted Answer

A)  The covariance of cause and effect 
B)  Temporal precedence 
C)  Internal validity 
D)  External validity 
A)  The covariance of cause and effect 
B)  Temporal precedence 
C)  Internal validity 
D)  External validity

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr)Guidry realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study.This might result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Outliers due to subgroups 
B)  Larger effect sizes 
C)  More measured variables 
D)  Spurious associations due to subgroups 
A)  Outliers due to subgroups 
B)  Larger effect sizes 
C)  More measured variables 
D)  Spurious associations due to subgroups

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Comparing all three correlations, Dr.Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship:

Accepted Answer

A)  is negative. 
B)  has the largest effect size. 
C)  was reported first. 
D)  was statistically significant. 
A)  is negative. 
B)  has the largest effect size. 
C)  was reported first. 
D)  was statistically significant.

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr)Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal.If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr.Guidry's study to consider?

Accepted Answer

A)  The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B)  The number of people in the sample 
C)  The use of three measured variables 
D)  The number of significant findings 
A)  The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B)  The number of people in the sample 
C)  The use of three measured variables 
D)  The number of significant findings

Question 12

Which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design?

Accepted Answer

A)  The presence of measured variables 
B)  The use of correlational statistics 
C)  The inclusion of quantitative variables 
D)  The depiction of a bar graph 
A)  The presence of measured variables 
B)  The use of correlational statistics 
C)  The inclusion of quantitative variables 
D)  The depiction of a bar graph

Question 13

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings.
• A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig.
• B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05)
• C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Draw a scatterplot for the three associations found by Dr.Moynihan.

Accepted Answer

Students should draw three scatterplots.

Question 14

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. 
B)  The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. 
C)  The third variable must be a categorical variable. 
D)  The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association. 
A)  The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. 
B)  The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. 
C)  The third variable must be a categorical variable. 
D)  The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association.

Question 15

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A difference in the height between the bars 
B)  The number of bars in the graph 
C)  The number of observations that make each bar 
D)  The direction of the bars 
A)  A difference in the height between the bars 
B)  The number of bars in the graph 
C)  The number of observations that make each bar 
D)  The direction of the bars

Question 16

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

Accepted Answer

A)  The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph 
B)  The measurement of two variables 
C)  The use of a correlation coefficient 
D)  The interrogation of internal validity 
A)  The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph 
B)  The measurement of two variables 
C)  The use of a correlation coefficient 
D)  The interrogation of internal validity

Question 17

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52.According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

Accepted Answer

A)  modest. 
B)  large. 
C)  multiply determined. 
D)  categorical. 
A)  modest. 
B)  large. 
C)  multiply determined. 
D)  categorical.

Question 18

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that cannot be .

Accepted Answer

A)  covariance; established 
B)  construct validity; interrogated 
C)  hypotheses; tested 
D)  causal inferences; made 
A)  covariance; established 
B)  construct validity; interrogated 
C)  hypotheses; tested 
D)  causal inferences; made

Question 19

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Accepted Answer

A)  The way the sample was selected from the population 
B)  The size of the sample 
C)  The number of subgroups 
D)  The size of the original population 
A)  The way the sample was selected from the population 
B)  The size of the sample 
C)  The number of subgroups 
D)  The size of the original population

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr.Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Very small 
B)  Small 
C)  Medium 
D)  Large 
A)  Very small 
B)  Small 
C)  Medium 
D)  Large

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations: a. A curvilinear association b. A positive association with a large effect size c. A zero association

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design?

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52.According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that cannot be .

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find IT

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters

Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations: a. A curvilinear association b. A positive association with a large effect size c. A zero association

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design?

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52.According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that cannot be .

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find IT

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters