Question 1

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The association should be rejected as inconclusive. 
B)  The study must be done again using the same participants. 
C)  The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. 
D)  The findings should be replicated in another population. 
A)  The association should be rejected as inconclusive. 
B)  The study must be done again using the same participants. 
C)  The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. 
D)  The findings should be replicated in another population.

Question 2

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  A t test 
B)  A correlation 
C)  A scatterplot 
D)  A bar graph 
A)  A t test 
B)  A correlation 
C)  A scatterplot 
D)  A bar graph

Question 3

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Accepted Answer

A)  the study can be applied to the real world. 
B)  Martin used a larger number of subjects. 
C)  Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately. 
D)  Martin's measure of prescription stimulant use is categorical. 
A)  the study can be applied to the real world. 
B)  Martin used a larger number of subjects. 
C)  Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately. 
D)  Martin's measure of prescription stimulant use is categorical.

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr)Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women.In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  outlier. 
B)  cause. 
C)  moderator. 
D)  spurious variable. 
A)  outlier. 
B)  cause. 
C)  moderator. 
D)  spurious variable.

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings.
• A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig.
• B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05)
• C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Of the three findings in Dr.Moynihan's study, which finding has the largest effect size? Name two things that having a large effect size means.

Accepted Answer

The finding that has the largest effect

Question 6

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

Accepted Answer

A)  construct validity 
B)  external validity 
C)  internal validity 
D)  statistical validity 
A)  construct validity 
B)  external validity 
C)  internal validity 
D)  statistical validity

Question 7

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p is a .

Accepted Answer

A)  population value 
B)  possibility assessment 
C)  probability estimate 
D)  plausible significance approximation 
A)  population value 
B)  possibility assessment 
C)  probability estimate 
D)  plausible significance approximation

Question 8

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. 
B)  Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. 
C)  Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. 
D)  Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable. 
A)  Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. 
B)  Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. 
C)  Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. 
D)  Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable.

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr)Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Dr.Guidry should probably consider these scores .

Accepted Answer

A)  random 
B)  moderators 
C)  outliers 
D)  curvilinear scores 
A)  random 
B)  moderators 
C)  outliers 
D)  curvilinear scores

Question 10

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. 
B)  r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. 
C)  r always assumes a zero association. 
D)  r always assumes a negative relationship. 
A)  Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. 
B)  r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. 
C)  r always assumes a zero association. 
D)  r always assumes a negative relationship.

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr)Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship.Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress 
B)  Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress 
C)  Number of friends one has and life satisfaction 
D)  Life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously 
A)  Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress 
B)  Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress 
C)  Number of friends one has and life satisfaction 
D)  Life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously

Question 12

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings.
• A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig.
• B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05)
• C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
What is an outlier? What aspect of Dr.Moynihan's study makes her findings especially susceptible to outliers? Why is this a problem?

Accepted Answer

Outliers are extreme scores. Dr. Moyniha

Question 13

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

Accepted Answer

A)  spurious data 
B)  an outlier effect 
C)  restriction of range 
D)  null effect 
A)  spurious data 
B)  an outlier effect 
C)  restriction of range 
D)  null effect

Question 14

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p value indicates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The correlation is negative. 
B)  The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. 
C)  The correlation is not statistically significant. 
D)  The effect size is large. 
A)  The correlation is negative. 
B)  The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. 
C)  The correlation is not statistically significant. 
D)  The effect size is large.

Question 15

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not. 
B)  The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity. 
C)  How each variable was measured must be considered. 
D)  Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated. 
A)  Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not. 
B)  The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity. 
C)  How each variable was measured must be considered. 
D)  Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated.

Question 16

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Which of the following conclusions can Dr.Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. 
B)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. 
C)  The relationship is not statistically significant. 
D)  The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. 
A)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. 
B)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. 
C)  The relationship is not statistically significant. 
D)  The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction.

Question 17

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr)Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. 
B)  These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. 
C)  These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. 
D)  These scores may be considered outliers. 
A)  These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. 
B)  These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. 
C)  These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. 
D)  These scores may be considered outliers.

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01)
• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Considering Dr.Guidry's sample, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to young adults. 
B)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in the South. 
C)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to people living in other capital cities (e.g., Sacramento, California). 
D)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes. 
A)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to young adults. 
B)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in the South. 
C)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to people living in other capital cities (e.g., Sacramento, California). 
D)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes.

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p is a .

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p value indicates which of the following?

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find IT

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters

Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p is a .

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p value indicates which of the following?

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find IT

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters