Exam 4: Learning in Context

A police officer visits Ms. Duhaime's first-grade class one morning to talk about safety precautions at home and on the street. The students listen quietly and attentively while the officer speaks. At the end of the visit,the officer and teacher agree that the students' good behavior warrants some kind of reinforcement. Given what we know about effective reinforcers at different grade levels,their best choice would be:

What happens when students do not get the reinforcement they think they will get for behaving in a certain way? What happens when they expect to be punished for something but are not? Describe the effects that the nonoccurrence of expected reinforcement and expected punishment are likely to have on students' later behavior.

What is the primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

Tammy is scolded for submitting a messy math homework paper,so she tries to do her math problems more neatly after that. The scolding Tammy received is an example of:

Given what psychologists have learned about modeling,why might inner-city African American students learn more from an African American model who grew up in an inner-city than from a model of a different race or background?

Many institutions within society influence children's learning indirectly rather than directly. Which one of the following is most likely to have an indirect,rather than direct,influence?

Which one of the following best describes a mediated learning experience?

Which one of the following teaching strategies best reflects the textbook's definition of multicultural education?

Stacey dislikes physical education class because her classmates tease her about her lack of strength and coordination. One day Stacey unintentionally hits one of her classmates,and the teacher sends her to the principal's office for the remainder of the class session. Stacey becomes increasingly aggressive in class and so spends more and more time in the principal's office. From an operant conditioning perspective,we can explain this situation by saying that Stacey is:

A girl in your classroom rarely interacts with her classmates. She is obviously quite lonely but apparently has no confidence in her ability to make friends. Describe how you might help the girl develop social skills through shaping. In your discussion,be sure to include: a. The specific behavior(s)you would shape b. A specific reinforcer you might use,as well as a justification for your choice c. The sequence of steps you might take as you shape the desired behavior

Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the next day. But on the following day Ms. Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised. Given what psychologists have learned about what happens when consequences of learners' behaviors are inconsistent with learners' expectations,what has just happened to the students who turned in their homework assignments?

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Which one of the following common expressions best reflects the idea of distributed cognition?

John is caught cheating on a homework assignment. He suffers no consequences for doing so,even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy. Given what psychologists have learned about what happens when consequences of learners' behaviors are inconsistent with learners' expectations,which one of the following predictions can we make about John's future behavior?

The concept of socialization,as psychologists typically use the term,can best be described as:

Which of the following is consistent with what is known about teaching and learning in different contexts?

Define the concept of vicarious reinforcement and give a concrete classroom example to illustrate its effects on students' behavior.

Ms. Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting. If she tells them,"You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems," she is providing:

Three of the following alternatives illustrate prosocial behavior. Which one does not necessarily involve prosocial behavior?

Three of the following teachers are engaging in instructional practices consistent with principles of effective modeling. Which one is not?