Question 1

The textbook advocates the use of classroom dialogues for promoting learning. Which one of the following student interactions is most likely to be effective in this regard?

Accepted Answer

A) Two students work together on a crossword puzzle that includes the week's new spelling words. 
B) The students in a cooperative learning group discuss different ways of solving a certain math problem. 
C) When a French teacher begins class by saying,"Comment allez vous?" the students reply in unison,"Trés bien." 
D) Two students help each other prepare for a quiz by giving each other practice test questions. 
A) Two students work together on a crossword puzzle that includes the week's new spelling words. 
B) The students in a cooperative learning group discuss different ways of solving a certain math problem. 
C) When a French teacher begins class by saying,"Comment allez vous?" the students reply in unison,"Trés bien." 
D) Two students help each other prepare for a quiz by giving each other practice test questions.

Question 2

Three of the following are examples of people or dogs who have been conditioned through operant conditioning. Which one is not?

Accepted Answer

A) Andrew gives his dog Maggie a scrap of food from his plate whenever Maggie begs at the dinner table. Before long,Maggie is by Andrew's side begging at every meal. 
B) Bart uses obscene words when he speaks in class. His teacher scolds him for such language in front of his classmates. Much to the teacher's dismay,Bart's use of obscene words increases. 
C) Carol's room has been a disaster area for more than a month,with toys and clothes lying about everywhere. Carol's mother has told Carol that,once the room has been cleaned,they will spend a day at the zoo. There is no noticeable improvement in Carol's housekeeping habits. 
D) Daniel once went to visit the elderly woman next door,and she gave him a couple of homemade cookies. Now Daniel goes to see the woman almost every day after school and comes home a half an hour later still licking crumbs off his lips. 
A) Andrew gives his dog Maggie a scrap of food from his plate whenever Maggie begs at the dinner table. Before long,Maggie is by Andrew's side begging at every meal. 
B) Bart uses obscene words when he speaks in class. His teacher scolds him for such language in front of his classmates. Much to the teacher's dismay,Bart's use of obscene words increases. 
C) Carol's room has been a disaster area for more than a month,with toys and clothes lying about everywhere. Carol's mother has told Carol that,once the room has been cleaned,they will spend a day at the zoo. There is no noticeable improvement in Carol's housekeeping habits. 
D) Daniel once went to visit the elderly woman next door,and she gave him a couple of homemade cookies. Now Daniel goes to see the woman almost every day after school and comes home a half an hour later still licking crumbs off his lips.

Question 3

Which one of the following is an example of reinforcing an incompatible behavior as a way of eliminating an undesirable behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) Melissa is very shy and socially withdrawn. Her teacher reinforces her with a smile whenever she interacts with classmates. 
B) Johnny's wisecracks have become so annoying that his teacher keeps him in from recess whenever he speaks inappropriately. 
C) Mary has learned to reinforce herself whenever she gets all her spelling words correct. 
D) Jerry must stay after school on days when he arrives late. 
A) Melissa is very shy and socially withdrawn. Her teacher reinforces her with a smile whenever she interacts with classmates. 
B) Johnny's wisecracks have become so annoying that his teacher keeps him in from recess whenever he speaks inappropriately. 
C) Mary has learned to reinforce herself whenever she gets all her spelling words correct. 
D) Jerry must stay after school on days when he arrives late.

Question 4

When we say that different cultural and ethnic groups have different worldviews,we mean that:

Accepted Answer

A) Their basic assumptions about how the world operates may be different. 
B) They tend to think of their country of origin as being the best possible place in which to live. 
C) They may have little understanding of geographic regions other than their own. 
D) Their native language inevitably distorts how they think about their physical and social environments. 
A) Their basic assumptions about how the world operates may be different. 
B) They tend to think of their country of origin as being the best possible place in which to live. 
C) They may have little understanding of geographic regions other than their own. 
D) Their native language inevitably distorts how they think about their physical and social environments.

Question 5

Bill's behaviors in Ms. Kennedy's class are really distracting to other students. For example,he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms. Kennedy is giving directions on how to do any assignment. He flings paper clips at a girl across the room. He makes strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing. Ms. Kennedy glares at him or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way,yet his inappropriate behaviors are increasing rather than decreasing. Which one of the following interpretations best explains why Bill's behaviors are increasing?

Accepted Answer

A) Ms. Kennedy is positively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors. 
B) Ms. Kennedy is negatively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors. 
C) Ms. Kennedy is vicariously reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors. 
D) Ms. Kennedy is punishing him for the distracting behaviors. 
A) Ms. Kennedy is positively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors. 
B) Ms. Kennedy is negatively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors. 
C) Ms. Kennedy is vicariously reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors. 
D) Ms. Kennedy is punishing him for the distracting behaviors.

Question 6

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of distributed cognition?

Accepted Answer

A) Reginald brainstorms the various plots he might use in the short story he is writing and then eventually chooses one of them. 
B) Mark,Jason,and Leanne each solve one-third of their assigned homework problems and then share their answers with the other two. 
C) Rhonda watches her favorite situation comedy while simultaneously eating an apple and doing her homework. 
D) Edie,Linda,and DeWayne discuss various ways they might solve a physics problem. 
A) Reginald brainstorms the various plots he might use in the short story he is writing and then eventually chooses one of them. 
B) Mark,Jason,and Leanne each solve one-third of their assigned homework problems and then share their answers with the other two. 
C) Rhonda watches her favorite situation comedy while simultaneously eating an apple and doing her homework. 
D) Edie,Linda,and DeWayne discuss various ways they might solve a physics problem.

Question 7

Which one of the following is the best example of a student working for an incentive?

Accepted Answer

A) Arnold's teacher gives him a big hug after he surprises her by bringing her a cupcake from home. 
B) Betsy decides not to talk in class because her teacher ridiculed her earlier in the day when she gave an incorrect answer. 
C) Cyril stays out late even though he knows he will be punished when he gets home. 
D) Doris is studying with the hope that she'll get a high grade on her history test. 
A) Arnold's teacher gives him a big hug after he surprises her by bringing her a cupcake from home. 
B) Betsy decides not to talk in class because her teacher ridiculed her earlier in the day when she gave an incorrect answer. 
C) Cyril stays out late even though he knows he will be punished when he gets home. 
D) Doris is studying with the hope that she'll get a high grade on her history test.

Question 8

In each of the following situations,a person is learning through either reinforcement or punishment. Classify each situation as involving one of these four consequences: positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,presentation punishment,or removal punishment. Then explain why you chose the answer you did.
a. Because Danielle fails her math class,she is taken off the school dance squad.
b. Joe always does his homework assignments as soon as he gets them so he won't have to worry about them anymore.
c. Lisa and Fran are giggling together in the back of the classroom. Their teacher scowls at them. They are embarrassed and shut up.
d. A teacher finds that by yelling at her students when they get too rowdy,they will settle down and be quiet for a while. (Focus on what is happening to the teacher.)

Accepted Answer

a. This is removal punishment: a pleasan

Question 9

Psychologists propose that three of the following are essential for students to exhibit behavior they have seen a model demonstrate. Which one is not necessarily essential?

Accepted Answer

A) Attention to the model 
B) Memory of the observed behavior 
C) Motivation to perform the behavior 
D) Reinforcement for good performance 
A) Attention to the model 
B) Memory of the observed behavior 
C) Motivation to perform the behavior 
D) Reinforcement for good performance

Question 10

When considering students' cultural and ethnic backgrounds,it is important to keep in mind that:

Accepted Answer

A) Some students may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups. 
B) Students' allegiance to their family's culture is almost always stronger than their desire to adhere to practices in mainstream Western culture. 
C) Students' desire to adhere to practices in mainstream Western culture is almost always stronger than their allegiance to their family's culture. 
D) In the elementary grades,students typically have little conscious awareness that their ethnic backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates. 
A) Some students may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups. 
B) Students' allegiance to their family's culture is almost always stronger than their desire to adhere to practices in mainstream Western culture. 
C) Students' desire to adhere to practices in mainstream Western culture is almost always stronger than their allegiance to their family's culture. 
D) In the elementary grades,students typically have little conscious awareness that their ethnic backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates.

Question 11

In three of the following situations,positive reinforcement is occurring. In which situation is positive reinforcement not occurring?

Accepted Answer

A) Sara begins behaving better in class when Ms. Jones allows her to spend extra time with her friends for exhibiting appropriate behavior. 
B) Mr. Lewis consistently praises Mark for completing his independent seatwork on time,and Mark's work habits improve. 
C) Ms. Villareal scolds Jeremy every time he speaks out of turn,but Jeremy's speaking out is increasing rather than decreasing. 
D) Mr. Salazar smiles at Ellen every time she acts appropriately toward her classmates,but Ellen's social behaviors don't change. 
A) Sara begins behaving better in class when Ms. Jones allows her to spend extra time with her friends for exhibiting appropriate behavior. 
B) Mr. Lewis consistently praises Mark for completing his independent seatwork on time,and Mark's work habits improve. 
C) Ms. Villareal scolds Jeremy every time he speaks out of turn,but Jeremy's speaking out is increasing rather than decreasing. 
D) Mr. Salazar smiles at Ellen every time she acts appropriately toward her classmates,but Ellen's social behaviors don't change.

Question 12

Which one of the following is not an example of technological literacy?

Accepted Answer

A) Jessica uses a computer to type a research paper. 
B) Asta uses a cell phone to send a text message to her friend. 
C) Sehmuz is given a paper printed from a website and evaluates the validity of the content. 
D) Jonathan uses a computer to edit a digital video. 
A) Jessica uses a computer to type a research paper. 
B) Asta uses a cell phone to send a text message to her friend. 
C) Sehmuz is given a paper printed from a website and evaluates the validity of the content. 
D) Jonathan uses a computer to edit a digital video.

Question 13

Three of the following depict situations in which a teacher might be facilitating the retention condition that enables a child to learn from a model. Which one does not necessarily depict such a situation?

Accepted Answer

A) As he writes a capital J on the board,Mr. Anson tells his kindergartners,"To write a capital J,you make a fishhook with a line across the top." 
B) Mr. Byers suggests,"Let's play some background music while I show you how to use the dipstick to measure your oil level." 
C) Mr. Caruso says,"There are several critical steps involved in throwing a pot on the potter's wheel. Repeat these steps to yourself as you work so you don't forget them." 
D) As he demonstrates how to throw a baseball correctly,Mr. Duffy says,"Now repeat these words as you throw the ball: back,up,thrust,release." 
A) As he writes a capital J on the board,Mr. Anson tells his kindergartners,"To write a capital J,you make a fishhook with a line across the top." 
B) Mr. Byers suggests,"Let's play some background music while I show you how to use the dipstick to measure your oil level." 
C) Mr. Caruso says,"There are several critical steps involved in throwing a pot on the potter's wheel. Repeat these steps to yourself as you work so you don't forget them." 
D) As he demonstrates how to throw a baseball correctly,Mr. Duffy says,"Now repeat these words as you throw the ball: back,up,thrust,release."

Question 14

Eighth-grade teacher Genevieve Martin invites a local African American businessman to talk with her students about how he built up his business from a part-time hobby into a successful company with more than 50 employees. Ms. Martin also has her students watch video clips about Steven Hawking,a renowned but severely disabled physicist. And she has them read columns written by Fareed Zakaria,an Arab American contributor to Newsweek magazine. In doing these things,Ms. Martin is definitely:

Accepted Answer

A) Making sure that desirable behaviors are not extinguished. 
B) Ensuring that her students remember what they are hearing,seeing,and reading. 
C) Providing intrinsic reinforcers. 
D) Exposing students to a variety of role models. 
A) Making sure that desirable behaviors are not extinguished. 
B) Ensuring that her students remember what they are hearing,seeing,and reading. 
C) Providing intrinsic reinforcers. 
D) Exposing students to a variety of role models.

Question 15

Three of the following statements about culture are true. Which one is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Some aspects of a culture are reflected in people's behaviors (e.g.,eating habits,ceremonial rituals). 
B) Some aspects of a culture are reflected in people's beliefs (e.g.,religious views,priority placed on formal education). 
C) A culture tends to remain constant and unchanging despite migration,technological advances,and other changes in society. 
D) Two or more subcultures may coexist within a broader culture and society. 
A) Some aspects of a culture are reflected in people's behaviors (e.g.,eating habits,ceremonial rituals). 
B) Some aspects of a culture are reflected in people's beliefs (e.g.,religious views,priority placed on formal education). 
C) A culture tends to remain constant and unchanging despite migration,technological advances,and other changes in society. 
D) Two or more subcultures may coexist within a broader culture and society.

Question 16

Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown. His teacher,Ms. Washington,used to laugh at Warren's funny remarks but is now trying to discourage Warren's disruptive behavior by ignoring his jokes. In spite of Ms. Washington's attempts to ignore Warren,Warren sometimes tells a joke so funny that Ms. Washington laughs in spite of herself. Rather than decreasing his joke telling,Warren begins telling even more outrageous jokes. Inadvertently,Ms. Washington is modifying Warren's joke-telling behavior through:

Accepted Answer

A) Shaping. 
B) Extinction. 
C) Punishment. 
D) Negative reinforcement. 
A) Shaping. 
B) Extinction. 
C) Punishment. 
D) Negative reinforcement.

Question 17

Distinguish among positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,presentation punishment,and removal punishment. Give a concrete example of each.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is a consequence

Question 18

Greg has terrible study habits: Whenever he is given an assignment to be done either in class or at home,he doesn't begin the assignment until he has been repeatedly nagged by either you (his teacher)or his parents. Furthermore,Greg seems unable to complete assignments without constant prodding to stay on task. Explain how you might use operant conditioning to help Greg develop better study habits. Be concrete and specific in your explanation of what you would do,and be sure to include each of the following in your description:
a. A secondary reinforcer you might use
b. Shaping
c. Some means of preventing extinction

Accepted Answer

a. Possible secondary reinforcers includ

Question 19

Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is most likely to be the result of poor nutrition?

Accepted Answer

A) Jill appears to have trouble remembering things and does not seem motivated to achieve in school. 
B) Even though Yvonne tries hard in school and pays attention most of the time,she has difficulty learning anything abstract. 
C) Lonnie learns things easily but does not work very hard in class. He is often too busy fooling around with friends to pay attention to classroom lessons. 
D) Hilda has problems with mathematics but is otherwise a bright and attentive student. 
A) Jill appears to have trouble remembering things and does not seem motivated to achieve in school. 
B) Even though Yvonne tries hard in school and pays attention most of the time,she has difficulty learning anything abstract. 
C) Lonnie learns things easily but does not work very hard in class. He is often too busy fooling around with friends to pay attention to classroom lessons. 
D) Hilda has problems with mathematics but is otherwise a bright and attentive student.

Question 20

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behavior helps reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom?

Accepted Answer

A) When a teacher reinforces different students for different behaviors,they begin to discover which behaviors are appropriate and which are not. 
B) Negative reinforcement of an incompatible behavior can ultimately reduce the frequency of that behavior. 
C) An undesirable behavior will decrease when a student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. 
D) A teacher can reduce serious behavior problems by allowing students to engage in less serious misbehaviors. 
A) When a teacher reinforces different students for different behaviors,they begin to discover which behaviors are appropriate and which are not. 
B) Negative reinforcement of an incompatible behavior can ultimately reduce the frequency of that behavior. 
C) An undesirable behavior will decrease when a student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. 
D) A teacher can reduce serious behavior problems by allowing students to engage in less serious misbehaviors.

The textbook advocates the use of classroom dialogues for promoting learning. Which one of the following student interactions is most likely to be effective in this regard?

Three of the following are examples of people or dogs who have been conditioned through operant conditioning. Which one is not?

Which one of the following is an example of reinforcing an incompatible behavior as a way of eliminating an undesirable behavior?

When we say that different cultural and ethnic groups have different worldviews,we mean that:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of distributed cognition?

Which one of the following is the best example of a student working for an incentive?

Psychologists propose that three of the following are essential for students to exhibit behavior they have seen a model demonstrate. Which one is not necessarily essential?

When considering students' cultural and ethnic backgrounds,it is important to keep in mind that:

In three of the following situations,positive reinforcement is occurring. In which situation is positive reinforcement not occurring?

Which one of the following is not an example of technological literacy?

Three of the following depict situations in which a teacher might be facilitating the retention condition that enables a child to learn from a model. Which one does not necessarily depict such a situation?

Three of the following statements about culture are true. Which one is false?

Distinguish among positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,presentation punishment,and removal punishment. Give a concrete example of each.

Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is most likely to be the result of poor nutrition?

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behavior helps reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom?

Introduction to Educational Psychology

Learning, cognition, and Memory

Complex Cognitive Processes

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Development

Personal, social, and Moral Development

Instructional Strategies

Strategies for Creating an Effective Classroom School Environment

Assessment Strategies

Describing Associations With Correlation Coefficients

Understanding and Interpreting Standardized Test Results

Filters

Exam 4: Learning in Context

The textbook advocates the use of classroom dialogues for promoting learning. Which one of the following student interactions is most likely to be effective in this regard?

Three of the following are examples of people or dogs who have been conditioned through operant conditioning. Which one is not?

Which one of the following is an example of reinforcing an incompatible behavior as a way of eliminating an undesirable behavior?

When we say that different cultural and ethnic groups have different worldviews,we mean that:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of distributed cognition?

Which one of the following is the best example of a student working for an incentive?

Psychologists propose that three of the following are essential for students to exhibit behavior they have seen a model demonstrate. Which one is not necessarily essential?

When considering students' cultural and ethnic backgrounds,it is important to keep in mind that:

In three of the following situations,positive reinforcement is occurring. In which situation is positive reinforcement not occurring?

Which one of the following is not an example of technological literacy?

Three of the following depict situations in which a teacher might be facilitating the retention condition that enables a child to learn from a model. Which one does not necessarily depict such a situation?

Three of the following statements about culture are true. Which one is false?

Distinguish among positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,presentation punishment,and removal punishment. Give a concrete example of each.

Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is most likely to be the result of poor nutrition?

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behavior helps reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom?

Introduction to Educational Psychology

Learning, cognition, and Memory

Complex Cognitive Processes

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Development

Personal, social, and Moral Development

Instructional Strategies

Strategies for Creating an Effective Classroom School Environment

Assessment Strategies

Describing Associations With Correlation Coefficients

Understanding and Interpreting Standardized Test Results

Filters