Exam 4: Learning in Context

In each of the situations below,a student's behavior is affected by one of the following phenomena: positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,punishment,vicarious reinforcement,or vicarious punishment. For each situation: (1)identify which one of the phenomena just listed is affecting the student's behavior,and (2)explain why you made the choice you did. a. Because John was caught cheating on an exam,he was removed from the basketball team. John has stopped cheating on exams. b. Mary sees her friend Judy get special privileges when she talks very sweetly to the teacher. As a result,Mary begins to sweet-talk the teacher as well. c. Ralph brings his science project in a week late. The only reason he did his project at all is because he wanted his mother to stop nagging him about it.

Three of the following are possible reasons why classroom dialogues help students better understand classroom subject matter. Which one is not necessarily a benefit of classroom dialogues?

Alex loses his best friend Tyler after he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that tattling on friends is not a good idea. The loss of Tyler's friendship is an example of:

If we consider the concept of reciprocal causation,we must conclude that the quality of students' classroom experiences is influenced:

Which one of the following alternatives best describes shaping?

Mr. Sanders teaches in a school district where students are predominantly Native Americans. In this situation,which one of the following would best illustrate culturally responsive teaching?

Which one of the following statements best illustrates the process of cueing acceptable behaviors?

Which one of the following best illustrates a worldview at work?

As children develop,they acquire many cognitive tools of their culture. Which teacher is most clearly applying this idea?

When Linda wears brightly colored bell-bottom pants to school one day,her classmates tease her about them. As soon as she gets home,Linda throws the pants in the trash. Linda's being teased is an example of:

Which one of the following is the best example of the use of an activity reinforcer?

Good grades are reinforcing to some students but not to others. Someone explaining this fact from an operant conditioning perspective would say that good grades are most likely to be reinforcers to students who:

Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement?

A community of learners can best be described as:

One common educational practice is to chart students' progress over time so that students can see their own improvement. These progress charts often lead to higher student achievement in the absence of other observable forms of reinforcement. The effectiveness of such charts in changing behavior illustrates the role of reinforcement as:

Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement?

Mr. Johnson wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time. To do this,he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute,then for two minutes,and then only for four minutes,and so on. Mr. Johnson's strategy reflects which one of the following concepts?

Which one of the following illustrates all the necessary elements of a contingency contract?

Which one of the following statements best describes vicarious reinforcement?

After explaining what sines and cosines are,a high school math teacher shows students how they might use these concepts in constructing large buildings. Which one of the following principles does this scenario best illustrate?