Question 1

Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure.

Accepted Answer

The two principal methods used to measure brain structure are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans.

MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain's structure, including its tissues and organs. This method is non-invasive and provides high-resolution images, making it a valuable tool for studying brain anatomy and detecting abnormalities.

CT scans, on the other hand, use X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain. This method is also non-invasive and can provide detailed information about the structure and density of brain tissues. CT scans are often used to diagnose conditions such as tumors, bleeding, and other abnormalities in the brain.

Both MRI and CT scans are valuable tools for measuring brain structure and are used in clinical settings to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning for various neurological conditions.

Question 2

Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology.

Accepted Answer

The transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology marked a significant shift in how psychologists understood and studied human behavior. Behaviorism, which dominated psychology in the early 20th century, focused on observable behaviors and the idea that all behavior is a result of conditioning and reinforcement. This approach led to the development of techniques such as behavior modification and the study of animal behavior to understand human behavior.

However, as psychologists began to explore the limitations of behaviorism, they started to recognize the importance of internal mental processes in shaping behavior. This led to the emergence of cognitive psychology, which emphasizes the role of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving in shaping behavior.

The transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches also involved a shift in research methods and theoretical frameworks. Cognitive psychologists began to use experimental methods to study mental processes, and they developed theories to explain how these processes influence behavior. This shift also led to the development of cognitive therapies and interventions aimed at addressing mental processes to improve behavior and well-being.

Overall, the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology represented a move towards a more holistic understanding of human behavior, one that considers both external influences and internal mental processes. This shift has had a profound impact on the field of psychology, leading to advancements in our understanding of cognition, behavior, and the development of effective interventions for mental health and well-being.

Question 3

According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory

Accepted Answer

A)  can be understood by combining different pieces of information. 
B)  are best understood in terms of a stimulus's emergent properties. 
C)  cannot be measured because they are not behaviors. 
D)  can be measured in an analytic fashion. 
A)  can be understood by combining different pieces of information. 
B)  are best understood in terms of a stimulus's emergent properties. 
C)  cannot be measured because they are not behaviors. 
D)  can be measured in an analytic fashion. D

Question 4

Localizationist is to as holistic is to .

Accepted Answer

A)  Wernicke ; Gall 
B)  Gall ; Flourens 
C)  Flourens ; Broca 
D)  Broca ; Wernicke 
A)  Wernicke ; Gall 
B)  Gall ; Flourens 
C)  Flourens ; Broca 
D)  Broca ; Wernicke

Question 5

As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with , whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with .

Accepted Answer

A)  fine motor control ; the sense of touch 
B)  the sense of touch ; fine motor control 
C)  the production of language ; the perception of language 
D)  the perception of language ; the production of language 
A)  fine motor control ; the sense of touch 
B)  the sense of touch ; fine motor control 
C)  the production of language ; the perception of language 
D)  the perception of language ; the production of language

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill. 
B)  It was a foundation for the associationist-behaviorist school of psychology. 
C)  It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought. 
D)  It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge. 
A)  It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill. 
B)  It was a foundation for the associationist-behaviorist school of psychology. 
C)  It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought. 
D)  It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge.

Question 7

Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document fifty-two regions of the brain that differed in .

Accepted Answer

A)  phrenological ; cytoarchitectonics 
B)  phrenological ; chronometrics 
C)  tissue staining ; cytoarchitectonics 
D)  tissue staining ; chronometrics 
A)  phrenological ; cytoarchitectonics 
B)  phrenological ; chronometrics 
C)  tissue staining ; cytoarchitectonics 
D)  tissue staining ; chronometrics

Question 8

Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims.

Accepted Answer

Localizationists argued that higher cogn

Question 9

La reazione nera, or "the black reaction," refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  a cell stain developed by Golgi. 
B)  a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists. 
C)  a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki. 
D)  a type of reinforcement-based learning described by the behaviorists. 
A)  a cell stain developed by Golgi. 
B)  a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists. 
C)  a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki. 
D)  a type of reinforcement-based learning described by the behaviorists.

Question 10

Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention the two fields that combined to create this new field of study.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience was chosen as the

Question 11

The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he

Accepted Answer

A)  developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. 
B)  showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically interconnected neuronal units. 
C)  discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size. 
D)  demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells. 
A)  developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. 
B)  showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically interconnected neuronal units. 
C)  discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size. 
D)  demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells.

Question 12

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early neuroscientist, is believed to have been the first to make what claims about the brain?

Accepted Answer

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early 19t

Question 13

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them.

Accepted Answer

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke were both p

Question 14

Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paul Broca 
B)  Sir Charles Sherrington 
C)  Gustav Theodor Fritsch 
D)  Santiago Ramón y Cajal 
A)  Paul Broca 
B)  Sir Charles Sherrington 
C)  Gustav Theodor Fritsch 
D)  Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Question 15

Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the contributes to language comprehension.

Accepted Answer

A)  right frontotemporal area 
B)  left frontotemporal area 
C)  right temporoparietal area 
D)  left temporoparietal area 
A)  right frontotemporal area 
B)  left frontotemporal area 
C)  right temporoparietal area 
D)  left temporoparietal area

Question 16

Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this.

Accepted Answer

I believe that empiricism best describes

Question 17

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca, compared to before his stroke?

Accepted Answer

A)  listening to a piano recital 
B)  appreciating a painting 
C)  reading a book aloud 
D)  playing a game of cards 
A)  listening to a piano recital 
B)  appreciating a painting 
C)  reading a book aloud 
D)  playing a game of cards

Question 18

Empiricism is to as rationalism is to .

Accepted Answer

A)  Locke and Hume ; Descartes and Kant 
B)  Locke and Descartes ; Hume and Kant 
C)  Descartes and Kant ; Locke and Hume 
D)  Hume and Kant ; Locke and Descartes 
A)  Locke and Hume ; Descartes and Kant 
B)  Locke and Descartes ; Hume and Kant 
C)  Descartes and Kant ; Locke and Hume 
D)  Hume and Kant ; Locke and Descartes

Question 19

The discipline of phrenology was founded by

Accepted Answer

A)  Broca and Wernicke. 
B)  Fritsch and Hitzig. 
C)  Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington. 
D)  Gall and Spurzheim. 
A)  Broca and Wernicke. 
B)  Fritsch and Hitzig. 
C)  Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington. 
D)  Gall and Spurzheim.

Question 20

Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

A)  different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits. 
B)  in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 
C)  behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus-response relationships. 
D)  internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways. 
A)  different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits. 
B)  in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 
C)  behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus-response relationships. 
D)  internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways.

Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure.

Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology.

According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory

Localizationist is to as holistic is to .

As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with , whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with .

Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism?

Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document fifty-two regions of the brain that differed in .

Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims.

La reazione nera, or "the black reaction," refers to

Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention the two fields that combined to create this new field of study.

The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early neuroscientist, is believed to have been the first to make what claims about the brain?

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them.

Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century?

Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the contributes to language comprehension.

Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this.

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca, compared to before his stroke?

Empiricism is to as rationalism is to .

The discipline of phrenology was founded by

Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Hemispheric Specialization

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

Attention

Action

Memory

Emotion

Language

Cognitive Control

Social Cognition

Consciousness, Free Will, and the Law

Filters

Exam 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure.

Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology.

According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory

Localizationist is to as holistic is to .

As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with , whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with .

Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism?

Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document fifty-two regions of the brain that differed in .

Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims.

La reazione nera, or "the black reaction," refers to

Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention the two fields that combined to create this new field of study.

The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early neuroscientist, is believed to have been the first to make what claims about the brain?

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them.

Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century?

Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the contributes to language comprehension.

Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this.

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca, compared to before his stroke?

Empiricism is to as rationalism is to .

The discipline of phrenology was founded by

Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Hemispheric Specialization

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

Attention

Action

Memory

Emotion

Language

Cognitive Control

Social Cognition

Consciousness, Free Will, and the Law

Filters