Question 1

Genes encoding_________ are widely used as target genes in molecular biodiversity studies.

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase 
B)  ATPases 
C)  DNA polymerase III 
D)  16S rRNA 
A)  RNA polymerase 
B)  ATPases 
C)  DNA polymerase III 
D)  16S rRNA

Question 2

The methodology of microbial ecology includes

Accepted Answer

A)  gene isolation and characterization. 
B)  general and specific cell- staining methods. 
C)  enrichment and isolation. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  gene isolation and characterization. 
B)  general and specific cell- staining methods. 
C)  enrichment and isolation. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 3

Organisms in culture are generally representative of those found in nature.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Describe how FISH can be used to determine which cells within a microbial community are actively degrading toluene. Assume the genes involved in the metabolic pathway have been sequenced from several microorganisms and vary only slightly from one another.

Accepted Answer

A conserved gene sequence would need to

Question 5

Several fluorogenic dyes can be used simultaneously in a sample as long as they each emit light at a different measurable wavelength.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Using specific examples, when is it appropriate to use CARD- FISH rather than the traditional FISH method and vice- versa?

Accepted Answer

CARD- FISH is especially useful when the

Question 8

Staining methods are suitable for obtaining information about the numbers of cells in natural samples.

Accepted Answer

A)  quantitative 
B)  qualitative 
C)  both qualitative and quantitative 
D)  none of the above 
A)  quantitative 
B)  qualitative 
C)  both qualitative and quantitative 
D)  none of the above

Question 9

What kind of polymerase is used in multiple displacement amplification (MDA) of a cell's genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase from a bacteriophage 
B)  DNA polymerase from an archaeon 
C)  RNA polymerase from an archaeon 
D)  DNA polymerase from a bacteriophage 
A)  RNA polymerase from a bacteriophage 
B)  DNA polymerase from an archaeon 
C)  RNA polymerase from an archaeon 
D)  DNA polymerase from a bacteriophage

Question 10

Traditional enrichment culturing circumvents issues associated with "weed" species from overcoming the population.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Enrichment cultures can be established by placing the inoculum into selective media and incubating under specific conditions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

To trap a specific organism in a capillary tube when using laser tweezers, it is necessary to_________.

Accepted Answer

break the tube at a

Question 13

For microbial biodiversity studies, it is common to identify the _________rather than as a measure of biodiversity.

Accepted Answer

A)  cell types / the organisms themselves 
B)  organisms themselves / the genes 
C)  cell types / the genes 
D)  genes / the organisms themselves 
A)  cell types / the organisms themselves 
B)  organisms themselves / the genes 
C)  cell types / the genes 
D)  genes / the organisms themselves

Question 14

Laser tweezers are used for

Accepted Answer

A)  separating aerobes from anaerobes. 
B)  testing the purity of a culture. 
C)  isolating individual cells. 
D)  enhancing the growth of fastidious organisms. 
A)  separating aerobes from anaerobes. 
B)  testing the purity of a culture. 
C)  isolating individual cells. 
D)  enhancing the growth of fastidious organisms.

Question 15

Explain the issue of enrichment bias and which type of environment the bias is most severe.

Accepted Answer

When a microbial community is enriched f

Question 16

Due to the precise cell sorting capabilities of a flow cytometer, it can take several hours to sort 1 ml of ocean water.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Detection of 14CO2from a community fed 14C- glucose suggests __________.

Accepted Answer

organisms within the

Question 18

Formalin at a concentration of_________ is commonly used as a chemical sterilant in microbial ecology studies.

Accepted Answer

A)  6% 
B)  4% 
C)  8% 
D)  2% 
A)  6% 
B)  4% 
C)  8% 
D)  2%

Question 19

How do viability stains usually distinguish between living cells and dead cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  The chemical stain is taken up by living cells and once metabolized becomes fluorogenic. 
B)  The dye specifically targets intact cytoplasmic membranes. 
C)  The chemical fluoresces only when bound to ribosomes that are actively synthesizing proteins. 
D)  The dye's fluorescence is quenched by dead cells. 
A)  The chemical stain is taken up by living cells and once metabolized becomes fluorogenic. 
B)  The dye specifically targets intact cytoplasmic membranes. 
C)  The chemical fluoresces only when bound to ribosomes that are actively synthesizing proteins. 
D)  The dye's fluorescence is quenched by dead cells.

Question 20

The six measurements for which microelectrodes have been developed are_________ ,_________,_________ ,_________ ,_________ , and_________ .

Accepted Answer

pH / oxyge

Exam 22: Methods in Microbial Ecology

Genes encoding_________ are widely used as target genes in molecular biodiversity studies.

The methodology of microbial ecology includes

Organisms in culture are generally representative of those found in nature.

Describe how FISH can be used to determine which cells within a microbial community are actively degrading toluene. Assume the genes involved in the metabolic pathway have been sequenced from several microorganisms and vary only slightly from one another.

Several fluorogenic dyes can be used simultaneously in a sample as long as they each emit light at a different measurable wavelength.

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe.

Using specific examples, when is it appropriate to use CARD- FISH rather than the traditional FISH method and vice- versa?

Staining methods are suitable for obtaining information about the numbers of cells in natural samples.

What kind of polymerase is used in multiple displacement amplification (MDA) of a cell's genome?

Traditional enrichment culturing circumvents issues associated with "weed" species from overcoming the population.

Enrichment cultures can be established by placing the inoculum into selective media and incubating under specific conditions.

To trap a specific organism in a capillary tube when using laser tweezers, it is necessary to_________.

For microbial biodiversity studies, it is common to identify the _________rather than as a measure of biodiversity.

Laser tweezers are used for

Explain the issue of enrichment bias and which type of environment the bias is most severe.

Due to the precise cell sorting capabilities of a flow cytometer, it can take several hours to sort 1 ml of ocean water.

Detection of 14CO2from a community fed 14C- glucose suggests __________.

Formalin at a concentration of_________ is commonly used as a chemical sterilant in microbial ecology studies.

How do viability stains usually distinguish between living cells and dead cells?

The six measurements for which microelectrodes have been developed are_________ ,_________,_________ ,_________ ,_________ , and_________ .

Microorganisms and Microbiology

A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea

Nutrition, Culture, and Metabolism of Microorganisms

Microbial Growth

Molecular Biology of Bacteria

Archael and Eukaryotic Molecular Biology

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses and Virology

Genetics of Bacteria and Arachaea

Genetic Engineering

Microbial Genomics

Phototrophy, Chemolithotrophy, and Major Biosyntheses

Catabolism of Organic Compounds

Commercial Products and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Bacteria: the Proteobacteria

Other Bacteria

Archaea

Eukaryotic Cell Biology and Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Viral Diversity

Major Microbial Habitats and Diversity

Nutrient Cycles, Biodegradation, and Bioremediation

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Growth Control

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Microbial Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Microbial Pathogens

Wastewater Treatment, Water Purification, and Waterborne Microbial Diseases

Food Preservation and Foodborne Microbial Diseases

Filters

Detection of ¹⁴CO₂from a community fed ¹⁴C- glucose suggests __________.

The six measurements for which microelectrodes have been developed are_____ ,_,_ ,_ ,_ , and_____ .