Exam 10: Causality and Mills Methods

Table 3A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * * * - * * * 2 - * * * * - * 3 - - * - * * - 4 * * - * - * * 5 * - - * - - - 6 * * - - * * * -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 3A?

Table 4B Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * * * * * * * 2 * * - * * * - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4B?

Suppose that a philosophy professor is able to monitor the amount of time her logic students spend working on a computerized tutorial program. When the students spend 5 hours on the program, their average grade increases by 4 percentage points. When they spend 10 hours on the program, their average grade increases by an additional 4 percentage points, and when they spend 15 hours working on the program, their grades increase by yet an additional 4 percentage points. The professor concludes that work on the tutorial program causes an increase in student grades. What method did the professor use in drawing this conclusion?

When we say that water droplets in the atmosphere cause a rainbow to appear, we mean 'cause' in the sense of a:

Suppose that a sales consulting firm notices a correlation between the sale of house paint and number of home sales in an area. As the number of home sales increases, the sale of house paint increases, and vice versa. The consulting firm concludes that buying a home causes the new owners to purchase house paint. What method did the consulting firm use in drawing this conclusion?

Table 1B Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - * - * * * 2 * * - * - * - 3 - * * - * * * 4 - * - * * - * 5 * - * - - * - 6 - * * * - - - -What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1B?

Table 4A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * * * * * * * 2 * * * - * * - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4A?

Table 5A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - - * * - - 2 * * * * - * * 3 - * * - * * * 4 * - - - - * - 5 * * - * * - * 6 - * * - * * - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5A?

Table 2A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - * * * * * 2 * * - * * - * 3 * * - * * * * 4 * * * - * * * 5 - * - * * * * 6 * - * - * - * -What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 2A?

Table 3A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * * * - * * * 2 - * * * * - * 3 - - * - * * - 4 * * - * - * * 5 * - - * - - - 6 * * - - * * * -What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 3A?

Table 1A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - - - * - - 2 * * - * - - * 3 - * - - * * - 4 - * * * * * * 5 * - - * - - - 6 - * * - - * * -What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1A?

Table 2B Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * * * * - * * 2 * * - - * - * 3 - * * * - * - 4 * - * - * * - 5 - * * * - * * 6 * - - * - - - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 2B?

Table 1B Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - * - * * * 2 * * - * - * - 3 - * * - * * * 4 - * - * * - * 5 * - * - - * - 6 - * * * - - - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1B?

Table 5B Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - - * * - - 2 * * * * - * * 3 - * * - * * * 4 * - - - - * - 5 * * - * * - * 6 - * * - * * - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5B?

Table 5C Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - * * - * * 2 - * * - * * * 3 * - - * - * - 4 * - * - * - - 5 * * - * - * * 6 - * * * - - - -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5C?

Suppose that a sociologist notices a correlation between the rate of personal bankruptcy filings and the suicide rate. As the bankruptcy rate increases, the suicide rare increases, and vice versa. The sociologist concludes that personal bankruptcy is a cause of suicide. What method did the sociologist use in drawing this conclusion?

A condition X is not a necessary condition for Y if:

Suppose that an accountant for a bank notices a 5 percent reduction in profits for a certain quarter of operations. The accountant identifies four sources of increased costs that might account for this: increased salaries for some of the employees, increased utility costs, new computers for one of the departments, and increased real estate taxes. After further study, the accountant finds that each of these is responsible for a 1 percent reduction in profits, which adds up to a total of 4 percent. Unable to account for the final 1 percent loss, the accountant attributes it to embezzlement by one of the employees. What method did the accountant use in drawing this conclusion?

Table 1C Given the following table: $\text { Possible Conditions }$ Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * * * - * * * 2 * - * * * - * 3 * - * * * * * 4 * * - * * * * 5 - * * * * - * 6 * * - * * * * -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1C?

Table 1A Given the following table: Possible Conditions Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon 1 * - - - * - - 2 * * - * - - * 3 - * - - * * - 4 - * * * * * * 5 * - - * - - - 6 - * * - - * * -What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1A?