Exam 1: Basic Concepts

In the expression "The twin towers of the World Trade Center no longer exist because they were destroyed by terrorists," the statement "They were destroyed by terrorists" is called the:

Assume that the universe is 14 billion years old. If we look at a galaxy that is 12 billion light years away, we see it as it was 12 billion years ago, when the universe was only 2 billion years old. Thus, simply by looking to great distances, we can see what parts of the universe looked like when the universe was younger. The key limitation to this ability is the power of our telescopes. Jeffrey Bennett, et al., The Cosmic Perspective, 3^rd edition

No theorist has more emphatically stressed the social determinants of personality than Erich Fromm. As a humanistic personologist, Fromm argued that a person's behavior can be understood only in the light of cultural forces existing at a particular moment in history. He believed that needs unique to the human being evolved through the history of humankind and that different social systems have influenced their expression. Larry A. Hjelli and Daniel J. Ziegler, Personality Theories

Chemotherapy for cancer has produced a few dramatic successes. Almost 75% of children with childhood leukemia are completely cured. Hodgkin's disease, a lymphoma, once killed 2 out of 3 patients. Now, a combination therapy of 4 different drugs can wipe out the disease in a matter of months in 3 out of 4 patients, even when the cancer is not diagnosed immediately. Raymond A. Serway, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4th ed.

Astrological calculations indicate that the U.S. stock market will crash in the year 2020. Therefore, you should get your money out of the market before that year.

Either Woodrow Wilson or Theodore Roosevelt promoted the formation of the League of Nations. But it wasn't Wilson. Therefore, Theodore Roosevelt promoted the formation of the League of Nations.

James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, says that Charles Darwin is the most important person to have ever lived. Therefore, it must be the case that Charles Darwin is indeed the most important person to have ever lived.

Less than one percent of 38-year-old expectant mothers give birth to a Down syndrome baby. Therefore, since Pamela is a 38-year-old expectant mother, it is unlikely that she will give birth to a Down syndrome baby.

Either the Republicans will be voted out or the economy will suffer. Therefore, the economy will suffer, because the Republicans will not be voted out.

Cancer is a disease that has afflicted humans for thousands of years. Therefore, many of the ancient Romans must have died of cancer.

Either Haley Anderson or Simone Manuel won an Olympic gold medal in 2016. Haley Anderson did not win one in 2016. Thus, Simone Manuel did.

PART A No brass lanterns are fixtures that glitter because all crystal chandeliers are fixtures that glitter, and no brass lanterns are crystal chandeliers. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. No B are F . No B ate C. All F are C. $\quad$ b. No B are F . All C are F No B are C $\quad$ c. No B are C . No B are F All C are F d. \begin{array} { l } \text { All \mathrm{F} are \( \mathrm{C} \).}\\ \text { No C are B.}\\ \text {No \( B \) are \( F \). }\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text {All C are \mathrm{F} . }\\ \text { No \( \mathrm{B} \) are \( \mathrm{C} \).}\\ \text {No \( B \) are \( F \). }\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = cats, F = fish, B = animals. B) C = dogs, F = fish, B = mammals. C) C = cats, F = animals, B = dogs. D) C = animals, F = mammals, B = fish. E) C = dogs, F = mammals, B = animals.

No supporters of abortion rights are fundamentalist Christians. Therefore, no fundamentalist Christians are supporters of abortion rights.

No theocracies are true democracies. No secular governments are theocracies. Thus, some secular governments are true democracies.

Microorganisms are an essential part of the web of life in every environment. Microorganisms in the oceans and in bodies of fresh water capture energy from sunlight and store it in molecules that other organisms use as food. They decompose dead organisms and waste materials from living organisms. And they even make nitrogen available to plants. Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations

Social psychologists conduct research into areas such as bystander intervention, prejudice, conformity, aggression, and obedience to authority. However, in order to gain insight into such critical issues, researchers must create vivid events that are involving for their participants. Some of these events, by their very nature, are likely to produce a degree of discomfort in the participants, such as witnessing someone having a seizure. Thus, what is required for good science and what is required for ethical science can be contradictory. Elliot Aronson, et al., Social Psychology

Jennifer's cat Pinky is constantly scratching itself. Apparently Pinky has fleas.

If a deductive argument has one true premise and a true conclusion, then we know:

Silvia is a middle-aged, dark haired Protestant woman who supports right-to-life issues. Shelly is also a middle-aged, dark haired Protestant woman. Therefore, she probably also supports right-to-life issues.

In professional boxing it is appropriate to throw knock-out punches. Since professional wrestling is similar in many ways to boxing, it is appropriate for professional wrestlers to throw knock-out punches.