Question 1

Formulate a measured operational definition for each dependent variable in question 2.

Accepted Answer

A) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
We can define fondness as the number of hours a couple spends together
Following the experimental separation period. 
B) It takes longer to recognize a person in a photograph seen upside down.
We can define recognition response time as the elapsed time between
Photograph presentation and the correct subject response. 
C) People feel sadder in blue rooms than pink rooms.
We can define sadness as a score on the Beck Depression Inventory II. 
D) Waiting with others reduces anxiety.
We can define anxiety as the state score on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. 
A) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
We can define fondness as the number of hours a couple spends together
Following the experimental separation period. 
B) It takes longer to recognize a person in a photograph seen upside down.
We can define recognition response time as the elapsed time between
Photograph presentation and the correct subject response. 
C) People feel sadder in blue rooms than pink rooms.
We can define sadness as a score on the Beck Depression Inventory II. 
D) Waiting with others reduces anxiety.
We can define anxiety as the state score on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Question 2

Operational Definitions An operational definition defines a variable in terms of

Accepted Answer

A) conceptual definitions. 
B) hypothetical constructs. 
C) nonconstruct variables. 
D) observable operations, procedures, and measurements. 
A) conceptual definitions. 
B) hypothetical constructs. 
C) nonconstruct variables. 
D) observable operations, procedures, and measurements.

Question 3

Operational Definitions The concept of levels of measurement applies to

Accepted Answer

A) dependent variables. 
B) extraneous variables. 
C) independent variables. 
D) both dependent and independent variables. 
A) dependent variables. 
B) extraneous variables. 
C) independent variables. 
D) both dependent and independent variables.

Question 4

Operational Definitions Which measurement scale provides the most complete description of a variable's magnitude or quantitative size?

Accepted Answer

A) nominal 
B) ordinal 
C) interval 
D) ratio 
A) nominal 
B) ordinal 
C) interval 
D) ratio

Question 5

Independent and Dependent Variables Affiliation was the ____ in the Schachter (1959) experiment that examined the relationship between anxiety and affiliation.

Accepted Answer

A) confounding variable 
B) dependent variable 
C) independent variable 
D) subject variable 
A) confounding variable 
B) dependent variable 
C) independent variable 
D) subject variable

Question 6

Identify the independent variables and levels of the IV in each of the following hypotheses:

Accepted Answer

A) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
IV: absence (separation for 1 day and no separation) 
B) It takes longer to recognize a person in a photograph seen upside down.
IV: photograph position (right-side up and upside down) 
C) People feel sadder in blue rooms than pink rooms.
IV: room color (blue room and pink room) 
D) Waiting with others reduces anxiety.
IV: affiliation (waiting with others and waiting alone) 
A) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
IV: absence (separation for 1 day and no separation) 
B) It takes longer to recognize a person in a photograph seen upside down.
IV: photograph position (right-side up and upside down) 
C) People feel sadder in blue rooms than pink rooms.
IV: room color (blue room and pink room) 
D) Waiting with others reduces anxiety.
IV: affiliation (waiting with others and waiting alone)

Question 7

Independent and Dependent Variables Based on Schachter's (1959) findings, Renee randomly assigned subjects to either wait alone or with a confederate for 20 minutes.She measured their anxiety at the end of the waiting period.Affiliation was the ____ in this experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) confounding variable 
B) dependent variable 
C) independent variable 
D) subject variable 
A) confounding variable 
B) dependent variable 
C) independent variable 
D) subject variable

Question 8

Independent and Dependent Variables An experimenter provided two groups of rats different quantities of food for successfully completing the same maze.She controlled the kind of food and the amount of time the rats had access to the food.She reported that both groups of rats committed the same number of errors in learning the maze.The number of errors was

Accepted Answer

A) a confounding variable. 
B) a subject variable. 
C) the dependent variable. 
D) the independent variable. 
A) a confounding variable. 
B) a subject variable. 
C) the dependent variable. 
D) the independent variable.

Question 9

Evaluating Operational Definitions When an experimenter fails to randomly assign subjects to different experimental conditions, a ____ threat is present since treatment groups may differ on subject variables.

Accepted Answer

A) selection 
B) statistical regression 
C) subject mortality 
D) testing 
A) selection 
B) statistical regression 
C) subject mortality 
D) testing

Question 10

Independent and Dependent Variables Which of the following could serve as a subject variable in an ex post facto study?

Accepted Answer

A) drug dosage 
B) level of illumination 
C) noise level 
D) visual acuity 
A) drug dosage 
B) level of illumination 
C) noise level 
D) visual acuity

Question 11

Independent and Dependent Variables ____ are physical aspects of the testing situation that the experimenter directly controls.

Accepted Answer

A) Confounding variables 
B) Dependent variables 
C) Environmental variables 
D) Extraneous variables 
A) Confounding variables 
B) Dependent variables 
C) Environmental variables 
D) Extraneous variables

Question 12

Operational Definitions Sarnoff and Zimbardo's (1961) 0-100 scale is a frequently used ____ scale.

Accepted Answer

A) nominal 
B) ordinal 
C) interval 
D) ratio 
A) nominal 
B) ordinal 
C) interval 
D) ratio

Question 13

Evaluating Operational Definitions When we are confident that the changes in behavior that we observe across the different treatment conditions of our experiment were actually caused by our independent variable, our experiment

Accepted Answer

A) is externally valid. 
B) is internally valid. 
C) can be replicated. 
D) all of these 
A) is externally valid. 
B) is internally valid. 
C) can be replicated. 
D) all of these

Question 14

Evaluating Operational Definitions Based on positive correlations between the length of women's skirts and the Gross National Product, several economists have claimed that skirt length can be used to measure the health of the economy.This measure would seem to lack

Accepted Answer

A) concurrent validity. 
B) face validity. 
C) internal consistency. 
D) interrater reliability. 
A) concurrent validity. 
B) face validity. 
C) internal consistency. 
D) interrater reliability.

Question 15

Evaluating Operational Definitions Alyssa is studying the effectiveness of a new method of strength training.
If she measures the experimental group before "happy hour" and the control
Group after "happy hour," her results would be confounded by a ____ threat.

Accepted Answer

A) history 
B) maturation 
C) selection 
D) testing 
A) history 
B) maturation 
C) selection 
D) testing

Question 16

Independent and Dependent Variables In the Hess (1975) experiment that examined the relationship between pupil size and attractiveness, "attractiveness" was the

Accepted Answer

A) confounding variable. 
B) dependent variable. 
C) independent variable. 
D) subject variable. 
A) confounding variable. 
B) dependent variable. 
C) independent variable. 
D) subject variable.

Question 17

Operational Definitions ____ are unseen processes postulated to explain behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) Hidden variables 
B) Hypothetical constructs 
C) Nonconstruct variables 
D) Sham variables 
A) Hidden variables 
B) Hypothetical constructs 
C) Nonconstruct variables 
D) Sham variables

Question 18

Operational Definitions Schachter (1959) measured affiliation using a ____ scale, since subjects selected among three categories: wait alone, wait with others, or no preference.

Accepted Answer

A) nominal 
B) ordinal 
C) interval 
D) ratio 
A) nominal 
B) ordinal 
C) interval 
D) ratio

Question 19

List each class threat to internal validity that is intrinsic to the following designs:

Accepted Answer

A) ex post facto study: history threat, maturation threat, selection threat, statistical regression threat, and selection interactions threat. 
B) longitudinal study: history threat, maturation threat, testing threat, instrumentation threat, and subject mortality threat. 
C) pretest/posttest study: maturation threat, testing threat, instrumentation threat, statistical regression threat, and subject mortality threat. 
D) nonequivalent groups: history threat, maturation threat, selection threat,and selection interactions threat. 
A) ex post facto study: history threat, maturation threat, selection threat, statistical regression threat, and selection interactions threat. 
B) longitudinal study: history threat, maturation threat, testing threat, instrumentation threat, and subject mortality threat. 
C) pretest/posttest study: maturation threat, testing threat, instrumentation threat, statistical regression threat, and subject mortality threat. 
D) nonequivalent groups: history threat, maturation threat, selection threat,and selection interactions threat.

Question 20

Operational Definitions Jesse, who is a very capable student, almost panicked when asked to answer a homework question in class.His instructor inferred from Jesse's discomfort that he suffers from public speaking anxiety.In this example, public speaking anxiety is a

Accepted Answer

A) hidden variable. 
B) hypothetical construct. 
C) nonconstruct variable. 
D) sham variable. 
A) hidden variable. 
B) hypothetical construct. 
C) nonconstruct variable. 
D) sham variable.

Formulate a measured operational definition for each dependent variable in question 2.

Operational Definitions An operational definition defines a variable in terms of

Operational Definitions The concept of levels of measurement applies to

Operational Definitions Which measurement scale provides the most complete description of a variable's magnitude or quantitative size?

Independent and Dependent Variables Affiliation was the ____ in the Schachter (1959) experiment that examined the relationship between anxiety and affiliation.

Identify the independent variables and levels of the IV in each of the following hypotheses:

Independent and Dependent Variables Based on Schachter's (1959) findings, Renee randomly assigned subjects to either wait alone or with a confederate for 20 minutes.She measured their anxiety at the end of the waiting period.Affiliation was the ____ in this experiment.

Evaluating Operational Definitions When an experimenter fails to randomly assign subjects to different experimental conditions, a ____ threat is present since treatment groups may differ on subject variables.

Independent and Dependent Variables Which of the following could serve as a subject variable in an ex post facto study?

Independent and Dependent Variables ____ are physical aspects of the testing situation that the experimenter directly controls.

Operational Definitions Sarnoff and Zimbardo's (1961) 0-100 scale is a frequently used ____ scale.

Evaluating Operational Definitions When we are confident that the changes in behavior that we observe across the different treatment conditions of our experiment were actually caused by our independent variable, our experiment

Evaluating Operational Definitions Based on positive correlations between the length of women's skirts and the Gross National Product, several economists have claimed that skirt length can be used to measure the health of the economy.This measure would seem to lack

Evaluating Operational Definitions Alyssa is studying the effectiveness of a new method of strength training. If she measures the experimental group before "happy hour" and the control Group after "happy hour," her results would be confounded by a ____ threat.

Independent and Dependent Variables In the Hess (1975) experiment that examined the relationship between pupil size and attractiveness, "attractiveness" was the

Operational Definitions ____ are unseen processes postulated to explain behavior.

Operational Definitions Schachter (1959) measured affiliation using a ____ scale, since subjects selected among three categories: wait alone, wait with others, or no preference.

List each class threat to internal validity that is intrinsic to the following designs:

Operational Definitions Jesse, who is a very capable student, almost panicked when asked to answer a homework question in class.His instructor inferred from Jesse's discomfort that he suffers from public speaking anxiety.In this example, public speaking anxiety is a

Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method

Research Ethics

Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs

Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys and Interviews

Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Formulating the Hypothesis

Solving Problems: Controlling Extraneous Variables

Basic Between-Subjects Designs

Between-Subjects Factorial Designs

Within-Subjects Designs

Within-Subjects Designs: Small N

Why We Need Statistics

Analyzing Results

Drawing Conclusions: the Search for the Elusive Bottom Line

Writing the Research Report

Filters

Exam 7: The Basics of Experimentation

Formulate a measured operational definition for each dependent variable in question 2.

Operational Definitions An operational definition defines a variable in terms of

Operational Definitions The concept of levels of measurement applies to

Operational Definitions Which measurement scale provides the most complete description of a variable's magnitude or quantitative size?

Independent and Dependent Variables Affiliation was the ____ in the Schachter (1959) experiment that examined the relationship between anxiety and affiliation.

Identify the independent variables and levels of the IV in each of the following hypotheses:

Independent and Dependent Variables Based on Schachter's (1959) findings, Renee randomly assigned subjects to either wait alone or with a confederate for 20 minutes.She measured their anxiety at the end of the waiting period.Affiliation was the ____ in this experiment.

Evaluating Operational Definitions When an experimenter fails to randomly assign subjects to different experimental conditions, a ____ threat is present since treatment groups may differ on subject variables.

Independent and Dependent Variables Which of the following could serve as a subject variable in an ex post facto study?

Independent and Dependent Variables ____ are physical aspects of the testing situation that the experimenter directly controls.

Operational Definitions Sarnoff and Zimbardo's (1961) 0-100 scale is a frequently used ____ scale.

Evaluating Operational Definitions When we are confident that the changes in behavior that we observe across the different treatment conditions of our experiment were actually caused by our independent variable, our experiment

Evaluating Operational Definitions Based on positive correlations between the length of women's skirts and the Gross National Product, several economists have claimed that skirt length can be used to measure the health of the economy.This measure would seem to lack

Evaluating Operational Definitions Alyssa is studying the effectiveness of a new method of strength training. If she measures the experimental group before "happy hour" and the control Group after "happy hour," her results would be confounded by a ____ threat.

Independent and Dependent Variables In the Hess (1975) experiment that examined the relationship between pupil size and attractiveness, "attractiveness" was the

Operational Definitions ____ are unseen processes postulated to explain behavior.

Operational Definitions Schachter (1959) measured affiliation using a ____ scale, since subjects selected among three categories: wait alone, wait with others, or no preference.

List each class threat to internal validity that is intrinsic to the following designs:

Operational Definitions Jesse, who is a very capable student, almost panicked when asked to answer a homework question in class.His instructor inferred from Jesse's discomfort that he suffers from public speaking anxiety.In this example, public speaking anxiety is a

Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method

Research Ethics

Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs

Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys and Interviews

Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Formulating the Hypothesis

Solving Problems: Controlling Extraneous Variables

Basic Between-Subjects Designs

Between-Subjects Factorial Designs

Within-Subjects Designs

Within-Subjects Designs: Small N

Why We Need Statistics

Analyzing Results

Drawing Conclusions: the Search for the Elusive Bottom Line

Writing the Research Report

Filters