Question 1

Introduction The design of an experiment is mainly determined by the

Accepted Answer

A) dependent variable. 
B) experimental hypothesis. 
C) independent variable. 
D) number of levels of the independent variable(s). 
A) dependent variable. 
B) experimental hypothesis. 
C) independent variable. 
D) number of levels of the independent variable(s). B

Question 2

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects What information does an experimenter need to use a power chart?

Accepted Answer

A) estimated effect size 
B) number of subjects assigned to each treatment condition 
C) the dependent variable's fluctuation 
D) whether the study uses an independent groups design or matched groups design 
A) estimated effect size 
B) number of subjects assigned to each treatment condition 
C) the dependent variable's fluctuation 
D) whether the study uses an independent groups design or matched groups design A

Question 3

Referring back to question 10, how did the outcomes of precision, range, and rank-ordered matching differ?
The three matching procedures differed in how well they controlled group weight: precision matching (mean difference = 0), range matching (mean difference = 1 pound), and rank-ordered matching (mean difference = 3.5 pounds).They also differed in the number of pairs formed: precision matching (3), range matching (7), and rank-ordered matching (8).
What are the pros and cons of using each procedure?
Precision matching provides the best control over an extraneous subject variable since group scores are identical (pro), but discards the most data (con).
Range matching allows an experimenter to balance control over an extraneous subject variable against the number of scores discarded (pro), but usually discards more scores than rank-ordered matching (con).

Accepted Answer

Rank-ordered matching uses all subject data when there is an even number of scores (pro), but may exert the worst control over an extraneous subject variable since adjacent scores may be unacceptably different (con).

Question 4

Two Independent Groups We use a control group in an experiment to

Accepted Answer

A) measure the dependent variable without the experimental manipulation. 
B) prevent confounding by extraneous variables. 
C) protect the external validity of the experiment. 
D) test the validity of the experimental manipulation. 
A) measure the dependent variable without the experimental manipulation. 
B) prevent confounding by extraneous variables. 
C) protect the external validity of the experiment. 
D) test the validity of the experimental manipulation.

Question 5

Introduction Researchers always assign subjects to only one treatment condition in ____ designs.

Accepted Answer

A) between-subjects 
B) ex post facto 
C) quasi-experimental 
D) within-subjects 
A) between-subjects 
B) ex post facto 
C) quasi-experimental 
D) within-subjects

Question 6

Two Matched Groups Which matching procedure sometimes creates groups with unacceptably large differences on the matching variable?

Accepted Answer

A) interval matching 
B) precision matching 
C) range matching 
D) rank-ordered matching 
A) interval matching 
B) precision matching 
C) range matching 
D) rank-ordered matching

Question 7

Two Matched Groups In Jason's study of the effect of the magnitude of reward, he randomly assigned dogs to groups that received one, two, or three cubes of cheddar cheese as reward and measured the time it took each group to complete a tracking course over five trials.Which design did he use?

Accepted Answer

A) experimental group-control group 
B) multiple independent groups 
C) two experimental groups 
D) two matched groups 
A) experimental group-control group 
B) multiple independent groups 
C) two experimental groups 
D) two matched groups

Question 8

Two Independent Groups
Homer randomly assigned subjects to rate the attractiveness of job candidates with either an obvious facial piercing (experimental condition) or no facial piercing (control condition).Which experimental design did he use?

Accepted Answer

A) independent groups 
B) matched groups 
C) multiple independent groups 
D) within-subjects 
A) independent groups 
B) matched groups 
C) multiple independent groups 
D) within-subjects

Question 9

Two Independent Groups All of these statements accurately describe random assignment except:

Accepted Answer

A) Random assignment always produces comparable groups. 
B) Random assignment can be performed using a table of random numbers. 
C) Random assignment helps control some systematic differences between subjects. 
D) Random assignment is an important precaution when using a two-group design. 
A) Random assignment always produces comparable groups. 
B) Random assignment can be performed using a table of random numbers. 
C) Random assignment helps control some systematic differences between subjects. 
D) Random assignment is an important precaution when using a two-group design.

Question 10

Two Independent Groups Random selection of subjects is to ____ as random assignment of subjects to conditions is to

Accepted Answer

A) confounding; external validity. 
B) external validity; internal validity. 
C) internal validity; external validity. 
D) selection threat; biased sampling. 
A) confounding; external validity. 
B) external validity; internal validity. 
C) internal validity; external validity. 
D) selection threat; biased sampling.

Question 11

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects When there is a statistically significant difference between two treatment groups, we know that

Accepted Answer

A) extraneous variables did not confound the study. 
B) random assignment created groups that were identical on the dependent variable before the researcher manipulated the independent variable. 
C) the effect size of the independent variable is very large. 
D) the independent variable produced group differences on the dependent variable that are larger than we would expect due to chance. 
A) extraneous variables did not confound the study. 
B) random assignment created groups that were identical on the dependent variable before the researcher manipulated the independent variable. 
C) the effect size of the independent variable is very large. 
D) the independent variable produced group differences on the dependent variable that are larger than we would expect due to chance.

Question 12

Two Independent Groups If we do not randomly assign subjects to treatment conditions,

Accepted Answer

A) confounding may occur. 
B) we will gain external validity. 
C) the sample selected may be biased. 
D) we will not be able to estimate effect size. 
A) confounding may occur. 
B) we will gain external validity. 
C) the sample selected may be biased. 
D) we will not be able to estimate effect size.

Question 13

Multiple Groups Santana designed an experiment with four treatment conditions.If she has 20 subjects and decides to assign an equal number of subjects to each condition using block randomization, how many treatment blocks can she complete?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 10 
A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 10

Question 14

A researcher would like to match subjects on weight for an experiment on weight control.The weights of each subject in the sample are shown in the table below.Match them into pairs and form one experimental and one control group by using random assignment.Carry out the procedure using precision matching, range matching, and rank-ordered matching.

Accepted Answer

Subject Number Weight Subject Number Wei

Question 15

Two Independent Groups In which design do we randomly assign subjects to participate in one of two treatment conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) two independent groups 
B) two matched groups 
C) multiple independent groups 
D) within-subjects 
A) two independent groups 
B) two matched groups 
C) multiple independent groups 
D) within-subjects

Question 16

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects You shouldn't ask your friends to participate in your study because they may

Accepted Answer

A) be low in representativeness. 
B) be more sensitive to your subtle cues than strangers. 
C) feel obliged to participate. 
D) all of these 
A) be low in representativeness. 
B) be more sensitive to your subtle cues than strangers. 
C) feel obliged to participate. 
D) all of these

Question 17

Two Independent Groups Which experimental design raises the fewest ethical concerns in drug research that involves actual patients?

Accepted Answer

A) comparing a new drug against a standard treatment 
B) experimental group-control group design 
C) placebo control 
D) waiting list control 
A) comparing a new drug against a standard treatment 
B) experimental group-control group design 
C) placebo control 
D) waiting list control

Question 18

Two Matched Groups The ____ design is the most commonly used multiple groups design.

Accepted Answer

A) multiple baseline 
B) multiple independent groups 
C) multiple matched groups 
D) multiple within-subjects 
A) multiple baseline 
B) multiple independent groups 
C) multiple matched groups 
D) multiple within-subjects

Question 19

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects Increasing the sample size

Accepted Answer

A) decreases confounding. 
B) increases effect size. 
C) increases internal validity. 
D) increases statistical power. 
A) decreases confounding. 
B) increases effect size. 
C) increases internal validity. 
D) increases statistical power.

Question 20

Multiple Groups Researchers often select extreme values of an independent variable because

Accepted Answer

A) extreme values increase the possibility of detecting a change across conditions. 
B) extreme values produce results with greater external validity. 
C) extreme values reduce the risk of confounding. 
D) intermediate values provide minimal information about how the independent variable affects behavior. 
A) extreme values increase the possibility of detecting a change across conditions. 
B) extreme values produce results with greater external validity. 
C) extreme values reduce the risk of confounding. 
D) intermediate values provide minimal information about how the independent variable affects behavior.

Introduction The design of an experiment is mainly determined by the

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects What information does an experimenter need to use a power chart?

Two Independent Groups We use a control group in an experiment to

Introduction Researchers always assign subjects to only one treatment condition in ____ designs.

Two Matched Groups Which matching procedure sometimes creates groups with unacceptably large differences on the matching variable?

Two Matched Groups In Jason's study of the effect of the magnitude of reward, he randomly assigned dogs to groups that received one, two, or three cubes of cheddar cheese as reward and measured the time it took each group to complete a tracking course over five trials.Which design did he use?

Two Independent Groups Homer randomly assigned subjects to rate the attractiveness of job candidates with either an obvious facial piercing (experimental condition) or no facial piercing (control condition).Which experimental design did he use?

Two Independent Groups All of these statements accurately describe random assignment except:

Two Independent Groups Random selection of subjects is to ____ as random assignment of subjects to conditions is to

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects When there is a statistically significant difference between two treatment groups, we know that

Two Independent Groups If we do not randomly assign subjects to treatment conditions,

Multiple Groups Santana designed an experiment with four treatment conditions.If she has 20 subjects and decides to assign an equal number of subjects to each condition using block randomization, how many treatment blocks can she complete?

Two Independent Groups In which design do we randomly assign subjects to participate in one of two treatment conditions?

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects You shouldn't ask your friends to participate in your study because they may

Two Independent Groups Which experimental design raises the fewest ethical concerns in drug research that involves actual patients?

Two Matched Groups The ____ design is the most commonly used multiple groups design.

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects Increasing the sample size

Multiple Groups Researchers often select extreme values of an independent variable because

Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method

Research Ethics

Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs

Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys and Interviews

Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Formulating the Hypothesis

The Basics of Experimentation

Solving Problems: Controlling Extraneous Variables

Between-Subjects Factorial Designs

Within-Subjects Designs

Within-Subjects Designs: Small N

Why We Need Statistics

Analyzing Results

Drawing Conclusions: the Search for the Elusive Bottom Line

Writing the Research Report

Filters

Exam 9: Basic Between-Subjects Designs

Introduction The design of an experiment is mainly determined by the

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects What information does an experimenter need to use a power chart?

Two Independent Groups We use a control group in an experiment to

Introduction Researchers always assign subjects to only one treatment condition in ____ designs.

Two Matched Groups Which matching procedure sometimes creates groups with unacceptably large differences on the matching variable?

Two Matched Groups In Jason's study of the effect of the magnitude of reward, he randomly assigned dogs to groups that received one, two, or three cubes of cheddar cheese as reward and measured the time it took each group to complete a tracking course over five trials.Which design did he use?

Two Independent Groups Homer randomly assigned subjects to rate the attractiveness of job candidates with either an obvious facial piercing (experimental condition) or no facial piercing (control condition).Which experimental design did he use?

Two Independent Groups All of these statements accurately describe random assignment except:

Two Independent Groups Random selection of subjects is to ____ as random assignment of subjects to conditions is to

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects When there is a statistically significant difference between two treatment groups, we know that

Two Independent Groups If we do not randomly assign subjects to treatment conditions,

Multiple Groups Santana designed an experiment with four treatment conditions.If she has 20 subjects and decides to assign an equal number of subjects to each condition using block randomization, how many treatment blocks can she complete?

Two Independent Groups In which design do we randomly assign subjects to participate in one of two treatment conditions?

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects You shouldn't ask your friends to participate in your study because they may

Two Independent Groups Which experimental design raises the fewest ethical concerns in drug research that involves actual patients?

Two Matched Groups The ____ design is the most commonly used multiple groups design.

Selecting and Recruiting Subjects Increasing the sample size

Multiple Groups Researchers often select extreme values of an independent variable because

Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method

Research Ethics

Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs

Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys and Interviews

Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Formulating the Hypothesis

The Basics of Experimentation

Solving Problems: Controlling Extraneous Variables

Between-Subjects Factorial Designs

Within-Subjects Designs

Within-Subjects Designs: Small N

Why We Need Statistics

Analyzing Results

Drawing Conclusions: the Search for the Elusive Bottom Line

Writing the Research Report

Filters