Question 1

Define the term positive reinforcement. Please provide two examples of a positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is a concept in behavioral psychology that involves the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus following a behavior, which increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future. It is one of the primary methods used in operant conditioning to strengthen or encourage a particular action or response by rewarding it.

When a behavior is followed by something that is valued (a reward), a person or an animal is more likely to repeat that behavior. Over time, this encourages the behavior to become habitual. The reward is a positive reinforcement of the behavior.

Here are two examples of positive reinforcement:

1. A parent gives their child praise and a hug after the child tidies up their room. The praise and hug are positive reinforcements for the behavior of cleaning the room. As a result, the child is more likely to clean their room in the future to receive similar praise and affection.

2. An employee works extra hours on a project and their manager rewards them with a bonus or a day off. The bonus or day off serves as a positive reinforcement for the employee's hard work and dedication. Consequently, the employee may be more inclined to put in extra effort in the future, anticipating similar rewards.

In both examples, the positive reinforcement (praise and hug, bonus or day off) follows the desired behavior (cleaning the room, working extra hours), making it more likely that the behavior will occur again.

Question 2

When an individual removes a negative stimulus after s/he achieves a target response, this is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-punishment 
B)  negative self-reward 
C)  neutralizing strategy 
D)  positive self-reward 
A)  self-punishment 
B)  negative self-reward 
C)  neutralizing strategy 
D)  positive self-reward B

Question 3

A client self-monitors the amount of food she eats from the time she comes home from work until she retires for the evening. This method of recording would be considered:

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous. 
B)  sporadic. 
C)  scheduled. 
D)  time sampling. 
A)  continuous. 
B)  sporadic. 
C)  scheduled. 
D)  time sampling. D

Question 4

All EXCEPT which of the following accurately apply to the concept of self-reward?

Accepted Answer

A)  A self-reward may be verbal/symbolic, material, or imaginal. 
B)  Self-rewards can be classified as current or potential. 
C)  Self-rewards can be both positive and negative. 
D)  Current self-rewards are more efficacious than potential self-rewards 
A)  A self-reward may be verbal/symbolic, material, or imaginal. 
B)  Self-rewards can be classified as current or potential. 
C)  Self-rewards can be both positive and negative. 
D)  Current self-rewards are more efficacious than potential self-rewards

Question 5

The data recorded by the client should be translated into a graph so the client can inspect the self-monitoring data visually.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Self-efficacy is synonymous with self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

________expectations are one's beliefs about whether a certain behavior or event will produce a particular outcome where ____________expectations are one's level of confidence in his or her ability to develop intentions, set behavioral goals, and successfully execute the behaviors in question.

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-efficacy; outcome 
B)  Goal-oriented; self-efficacy 
C)  Self-efficacy; goal-oriented 
D)  Outcome; self-efficacy 
A)  Self-efficacy; outcome 
B)  Goal-oriented; self-efficacy 
C)  Self-efficacy; goal-oriented 
D)  Outcome; self-efficacy

Question 8

After a client completes a target response, the client imagines that he is on a beach in Bermuda and listening to the waves crash against the rocks. This reward would most likely be considered:

Accepted Answer

A)  externalized negative reinforcement. 
B)  covert negative reinforcement. 
C)  covert positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement. 
A)  externalized negative reinforcement. 
B)  covert negative reinforcement. 
C)  covert positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 9

An undesirable behavior can be reduced or eliminated through stimulus control by interrupting the learned pattern or sequence that begins with one or more antecedent cues. This can be achieved by all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  breaking up or unlinking the chain of events. 
B)  changing the chain of events. 
C)  building pauses into the chain of events. 
D)  creating a rationale for the chain of events. 
A)  breaking up or unlinking the chain of events. 
B)  changing the chain of events. 
C)  building pauses into the chain of events. 
D)  creating a rationale for the chain of events.

Question 10

What is the difference between covert and overt self-reinforcement? Please give one example of each.

Accepted Answer

Covert self-reinforcement refers to the

Question 11

All EXCEPT which of the following accurately apply to self-reward programs?

Accepted Answer

A)  A single salient reward should be utilized so as to prevent dilution. 
B)  Material awards have been criticized for misuse and overuse 
C)  Imaginal reinforcers may not be as potent as verbal/symbolic and material ones 
D)  Persons who are depressed often find it difficult to identify positive reinforcers. 
A)  A single salient reward should be utilized so as to prevent dilution. 
B)  Material awards have been criticized for misuse and overuse 
C)  Imaginal reinforcers may not be as potent as verbal/symbolic and material ones 
D)  Persons who are depressed often find it difficult to identify positive reinforcers.

Question 12

A client praises herself for completing her daily exercise. Self-praise would most likely be considered a(n)____________ reward.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  extrinsic 
D)  covert negative 
A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  extrinsic 
D)  covert negative

Question 13

A self-monitoring device should be portable and accessible so that it is available when the targeted behavior occurs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

When engaging in a self-management approach, the client's work occurs:

Accepted Answer

A)  mainly during formal sessions. 
B)  equally during and outside of formal sessions. 
C)  mainly between formal sessions. 
D)  after formal sessions have been terminated. 
A)  mainly during formal sessions. 
B)  equally during and outside of formal sessions. 
C)  mainly between formal sessions. 
D)  after formal sessions have been terminated.

Question 15

Reactivity tends to be heightened when all EXCEPT which of the following occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-monitoring focuses on a single target behavior. 
B)  Self-monitoring is closely related in time to the target behaviors. 
C)  Self-recording is undertaken intermittently. 
D)  Discrete, positively valued behaviors are the focus of the self-monitoring. 
A)  Self-monitoring focuses on a single target behavior. 
B)  Self-monitoring is closely related in time to the target behaviors. 
C)  Self-recording is undertaken intermittently. 
D)  Discrete, positively valued behaviors are the focus of the self-monitoring.

Question 16

Reactivity may be problematic in data collection of a self-management program; however, it may be an asset when it is used as part of a helping strategy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A client wants to decrease his smoking and has his partner put his cigarettes in a locked cabinet in the garage. This arrangement of environmental conditions to hamper his smoking would be considered a:

Accepted Answer

A)  variable interference. 
B)  stimulus control. 
C)  stimulus interference. 
D)  variable control. 
A)  variable interference. 
B)  stimulus control. 
C)  stimulus interference. 
D)  variable control.

Question 18

Identify three guidelines that you would use to assist a client in choosing an effective self-reward.

Accepted Answer

1. Understand the client's preferences:

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT accurate with respect to self-management?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a strongly collaborative and environmentally attentive strategy. 
B)  It can be used across a wide range of clients and specific problems in living. 
C)  It should be approached in a decontextualized manner that focuses on the client's internal (psychological) experiences. 
D)  It should not overlook the possibility that environmental inequities or stressors may be the primary source of the client's concerns. 
A)  It is a strongly collaborative and environmentally attentive strategy. 
B)  It can be used across a wide range of clients and specific problems in living. 
C)  It should be approached in a decontextualized manner that focuses on the client's internal (psychological) experiences. 
D)  It should not overlook the possibility that environmental inequities or stressors may be the primary source of the client's concerns.

Question 20

When an antecedent gains stimulus control over the response, there is a high probability that the response will be__________ in the presence of these particular antecedent events.

Accepted Answer

A)  emitted 
B)  extinguished 
C)  eroded 
D)  eliminated 
A)  emitted 
B)  extinguished 
C)  eroded 
D)  eliminated

Define the term positive reinforcement. Please provide two examples of a positive reinforcement.

When an individual removes a negative stimulus after s/he achieves a target response, this is an example of __________.

A client self-monitors the amount of food she eats from the time she comes home from work until she retires for the evening. This method of recording would be considered:

All EXCEPT which of the following accurately apply to the concept of self-reward?

The data recorded by the client should be translated into a graph so the client can inspect the self-monitoring data visually.

Self-efficacy is synonymous with self-esteem.

expectations are one's beliefs about whether a certain behavior or event will produce a particular outcome where ____expectations are one's level of confidence in his or her ability to develop intentions, set behavioral goals, and successfully execute the behaviors in question.

After a client completes a target response, the client imagines that he is on a beach in Bermuda and listening to the waves crash against the rocks. This reward would most likely be considered:

An undesirable behavior can be reduced or eliminated through stimulus control by interrupting the learned pattern or sequence that begins with one or more antecedent cues. This can be achieved by all of the following ways EXCEPT:

What is the difference between covert and overt self-reinforcement? Please give one example of each.

All EXCEPT which of the following accurately apply to self-reward programs?

A client praises herself for completing her daily exercise. Self-praise would most likely be considered a(n)____________ reward.

A self-monitoring device should be portable and accessible so that it is available when the targeted behavior occurs.

When engaging in a self-management approach, the client's work occurs:

Reactivity tends to be heightened when all EXCEPT which of the following occur?

Reactivity may be problematic in data collection of a self-management program; however, it may be an asset when it is used as part of a helping strategy.

A client wants to decrease his smoking and has his partner put his cigarettes in a locked cabinet in the garage. This arrangement of environmental conditions to hamper his smoking would be considered a:

Identify three guidelines that you would use to assist a client in choosing an effective self-reward.

Which of the following is NOT accurate with respect to self-management?

When an antecedent gains stimulus control over the response, there is a high probability that the response will be__________ in the presence of these particular antecedent events.

Building Your Foundation As a Helper

Critical Commitments: Diversity Issues and Ethical Practice for Helpers

Ingredients of an Effective Helping Relationship

Listening

Influencing Responses

Assessing and Conceptualizing Client Problems and Contexts

Conducting an Interview Assessment With Clients

Constructing, Contextualizing, and Evaluating Treatment Goals

Clinical Decision Making and Treatment Planning

Strategies for Working With Resistance: Solution Focused Therapy and Motivational Interviewing

Cognitive Change Strategies: Reframing, Cognitive Modeling, and Cognitive Restructuring

Cognitive Approaches to Stress Management: Stress Processes, Problem Solving Therapy, and Stress Inoculation Training

Self-Calming Approaches to Stress Management: Breathing, Muscle Relaxation, and Mindfulness Meditation

Exposure Therapy for Anxiety, Fear, and Trauma

Filters

Exam 15: Self-Management Strategies: Self-Monitoring, Stimulus Control, Self-Reward, and Self-Efficacy

Define the term positive reinforcement. Please provide two examples of a positive reinforcement.

When an individual removes a negative stimulus after s/he achieves a target response, this is an example of __________.

A client self-monitors the amount of food she eats from the time she comes home from work until she retires for the evening. This method of recording would be considered:

All EXCEPT which of the following accurately apply to the concept of self-reward?

The data recorded by the client should be translated into a graph so the client can inspect the self-monitoring data visually.

Self-efficacy is synonymous with self-esteem.

________expectations are one's beliefs about whether a certain behavior or event will produce a particular outcome where ____________expectations are one's level of confidence in his or her ability to develop intentions, set behavioral goals, and successfully execute the behaviors in question.

After a client completes a target response, the client imagines that he is on a beach in Bermuda and listening to the waves crash against the rocks. This reward would most likely be considered:

An undesirable behavior can be reduced or eliminated through stimulus control by interrupting the learned pattern or sequence that begins with one or more antecedent cues. This can be achieved by all of the following ways EXCEPT:

What is the difference between covert and overt self-reinforcement? Please give one example of each.

All EXCEPT which of the following accurately apply to self-reward programs?

A client praises herself for completing her daily exercise. Self-praise would most likely be considered a(n)____________ reward.

A self-monitoring device should be portable and accessible so that it is available when the targeted behavior occurs.

When engaging in a self-management approach, the client's work occurs:

Reactivity tends to be heightened when all EXCEPT which of the following occur?

Reactivity may be problematic in data collection of a self-management program; however, it may be an asset when it is used as part of a helping strategy.

A client wants to decrease his smoking and has his partner put his cigarettes in a locked cabinet in the garage. This arrangement of environmental conditions to hamper his smoking would be considered a:

Identify three guidelines that you would use to assist a client in choosing an effective self-reward.

Which of the following is NOT accurate with respect to self-management?

When an antecedent gains stimulus control over the response, there is a high probability that the response will be__________ in the presence of these particular antecedent events.

Building Your Foundation As a Helper

Critical Commitments: Diversity Issues and Ethical Practice for Helpers

Ingredients of an Effective Helping Relationship

Listening

Influencing Responses

Assessing and Conceptualizing Client Problems and Contexts

Conducting an Interview Assessment With Clients

Constructing, Contextualizing, and Evaluating Treatment Goals

Clinical Decision Making and Treatment Planning

Strategies for Working With Resistance: Solution Focused Therapy and Motivational Interviewing

Cognitive Change Strategies: Reframing, Cognitive Modeling, and Cognitive Restructuring

Cognitive Approaches to Stress Management: Stress Processes, Problem Solving Therapy, and Stress Inoculation Training

Self-Calming Approaches to Stress Management: Breathing, Muscle Relaxation, and Mindfulness Meditation

Exposure Therapy for Anxiety, Fear, and Trauma

Filters

expectations are one's beliefs about whether a certain behavior or event will produce a particular outcome where ____expectations are one's level of confidence in his or her ability to develop intentions, set behavioral goals, and successfully execute the behaviors in question.