Exam 9: Language and Thinking

In Luchins' water jar problems, participants are asked to use three jars of differing volumes (A, B, and C) to create various final amounts of water. After the first few trials, participants learn that the same formula (B-A-2C) will provide the answer for each of the first few problems. However, Luchins noticed that people had the tendency to continue using this formula on other problems, even when these problems had simpler solutions (such as A-C). This particular problem-solving block is called:

The level of analysis beyond the level of the sentences such as examining conversations or paragraphs is known as:

The term syntax refers to the rules that govern the organization of the surface structure of a language, while the rules that determine how symbols are connected to what they represent are referred to as .

Amelia and Scott are assembling a bunk bed set together. Amelia is reading the plans and tells Scott that the next part they need is an L shaped piece. Scott holds up a piece upside down and asks if it is the correct one. Amelia says he is holding it wrong so he turns it sideways. Assuming it is the correct piece, based on the research by Shepard and Metzler on mental rotation, for which orientation will Amelia find it easiest to recognize that the piece matches the picture in the instructions?

Noam Chomsky proposed that humans are born with a , which is an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules common in all languages.

When using means-ends analysis, another heuristic is also often utilized where intermediate steps toward a solution are formulated. This heuristic is called _.

Research using fMRIs found that men exhibit greater left-hemisphere activation during language tasks compared to women.

Gina works for a widget company where her job is to bundle the widgets in packages of 25. Gina figures out a method of bundling the widgets but fails to implement the final stage of problem solving which in the long-run caused her to miss a more efficient Method. This final stage was _.

Michael goes to a French immersion school because his parents want him to be proficient in French. According to the recent research, Michael

Expertise and wisdom can be considered as the same constructs.

Mental imagery involves:

When we reason from general principles to a conclusion about a specific case, we are engaging in:

A representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input is known as:

Research by Perani and coworkers on how different languages are processed in the brains of bilinguals found, in PET scans, that:

Rosch studied the Dani people from New Guinea who had only two words for colour: one for bright colours and one for dark colours. Her results revealed that the Dani were capable of distinguishing the difference between a wide assortment of colours, providing evidence that contradicted _.

Shelley is attempting to solve a problem and at this point in time, she is trying to generate as many solutions as possible and to incorporate new and unusual ideas into her potential solutions. Which of the following best describes Shelley's thinking processes at this time?

All of the following were mentioned by the text as examples of mental representations EXCEPT:

The number of phonemes in the English language is about:

A young child enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time they come to a door after that, the child pushes the door expecting it to open, even though many doors only open by pulling. This is an example of:

Night-time dreams and studies on mental rotation are examples of: