Exam 9: Attention and Awareness

Reynolds et al. (1999) measured the responses of a single neuron in area V4 of a macaque monkey. The monkey was trained to keep its eyes on the fixation point at all times and to direct its attention in various ways while the experimenters presented either an effective stimulus, an ineffective stimulus, or both. When the monkey attended to the effective stimulus, the neuron's response was:

The inability to quickly detect changes in complex scenes is called:

Unilateral visual neglect is MOST likely to occur:

What are the two important sources of attentional control signals in the human brain?

According to an fMRI experiment conducted by Pelphrey et al. (2005), the comparison of the brain activity in neurologically typical individuals and individuals with autism shows that:

A typical study of change blindness uses the rapid alternation of two photos, with each presented for about one-quarter of a second and with a brief blank interval after each exposure. How many alternation cycles does an observer require to detect the change in the photos?

Chiu and Yantis (2009) directed participants in a study to keep their eyes fixed on the center of a display as they directed their attention to rapidly changing letters and digits on either the left side or the right side of the display. When they used fMRI to measure changes in brain activity, they found that:

In an fMRI study conducted by Tong et al. (1998), the observers viewed a face-house composite image through red-blue glasses that evoked perceptual bistability. The results of the fMRI measurements of brain activity showed increased FFA activity when the observer:

In the context of attention to locations, _____ attention means selectively attending to some information by moving one's eyes.

_____ resolves the binding problem by proposing that attention is directed to one object at a time.

_____ attention refers to being acutely aware of only one thing at a time.

A phenomenon in which an unchanging visual stimulus leads to repeated alternation between two different perceptual experiences is known as:

In one of the experiments conducted by Bushnell et al. (1981), the activity of single PPC neurons was recorded as a monkey performed four different types of tasks involving an eye or hand movement and the direction of the monkey's attention. In the saccade task, it was found that the:

An individual's ability to attend to several things at one time is called:

Rogers and Monsell (1995) conducted a study involving a simplified multitasking situation that aimed at measuring the cost of switching between two simple tasks. The difference in response time, as demonstrated in the trials, can be attributed to:

Jonides and Yantis (1988) showed that response time for a target letter was unrelated to the number of letters to be searched when the target was an abrupt-onset item because the abrupt onset captures the participant's attention. _____ attentional control can produce a quick response to sudden events.

When we observe a clock on the wall in order to check the time, our focus is on some crucial features of the clock-the numbers running around the circumference and the orientation of the hands pointing out from the center-but our sense is that we are taking in the whole clock while focusing on those features. This is called _____ attention.

Tong et al. (1998) used a binocular rivalry task to study neural correlates of consciousness and found that:

According to Broadbent's filter theory of attention, the mechanism that performs the selection of signals for access to a limited-capacity system is attention, which serves as a filter, and the limited-capacity system permits:

Strayer and Johnston (2001) investigated the effects of attention on driving performance. In the first task, the driver had to listen to a list of words over the phone and repeat or shadow them back. In the second task, the driver had to listen to a list of words over the phone and had to say a word beginning with the last letter of the word just heard. The results of the study showed that: