Exam 3: History of Parole and Mandatory Release

First-time offenders on __________ release serve less time on average in prison than do first timers with discretionary release.

Norfolk Island, the site of Alexander Maconochie's penal colony, is in the country we now call ________.

Federal parole began in June 1910 due to legislation that established the nation's first three federal __________.

A parole board makes decisions about _____ release.

Under discretionary release, offenders are released no matter how many disciplinary reports they have had or how they acted while incarcerated.

Under the system established at the Elmira Reformatory, volunteer citizens known as _____ supervised parolees.

Medical parole is also known as _____.

Compare and contrast Crofton's ticket-of-leave and Maconochie's marks system.

Reduction of the nation's prison population was one of the four major justifications for the development of a formal parole system in the United States.

The first parole system in the United States was in Elmira, New York.

More parolees are removed from parole because of _____ than for the commission of new crimes.

Describe the origins of the justice model of corrections in the 1970s, and explain its development.

Convicted criminals were transported to early American colonies as a partial solution to the poverty and unemployment found in England.

Between the 1840s and 1940s, American prisons were supported by taxpayers.

Alexander Maconochie is considered the "father of parole."

_____ is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence under supervision in the community.

The _____ system was used by Alexander Maconochie and granted credits to inmates for good behavior and hard work.

In contrast to the rehabilitative model of corrections, the just deserts or justice model changes the focus of the system from the offender to the offense.

Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie's innovations on Norfolk Island, became the chief administrator of the __________ prison system in 1854.

Parole success rates are _____ probation success rates.