Exam 2: How Probation Developed: Chronicling Its Past and Present

In early British criminal law, punishments consisted primarily of

A police officer who suspects a juvenile of smoking cigarettes can refer that juvenile directly to a deferred adjudication via

Closely allied to the brokerage of services model of community corrections, the __________________ model encourages probation and parole officers to form skills and linkages with community agencies in one or two areas only.

Police may use discretion to issue a civil citation to an adult who commits a status offense.

At one time in England, more than 200 crimes were punishable by death, including many relatively minor property offenses.

You are a judge who must use discretion in order to determine how probationers are treated. Most of your cases are misdemeanors, and but budgetary concerns are pressuring you to make a "one-size-fits-all" decision that applies to both felonies and misdemeanors. You need to write an op-ed in your local newspaper arguing why felony probationers should be treated differently than misdemeanor offenders.

What are community corrections acts, and how do local-level, community correctional agencies benefit from them?

Federal probation was authorized in 1925 when President Coolidge signed the ____________________.

The "justice model of supervision" that took place from 1982 to 2000 utilized an escalated system of sanctions that corresponded to the level of social harm that resulted from an offender's actions.

The father of probation in the United States was a bootmaker.

________________ as it is practiced today was devised to avoid the mechanical application of the harsh penal codes of earlier times.

You live and work in Oregon as a state representative. There is increasing tension between local law enforcement and the governor, who wants more control in parole and probation supervision. You have to discuss the pros and cons of each side to the opposing side. What will you say to each? Use the Oregon Community Corrections Act from Box 2.1 of the text as a model for how things work in your state.

_____________ are contractual agreements that assures county governments that they will receive state funding for its community-based correctional programs.

In 1916, the U.S. Supreme Court resolved the issue of whether the courts had the power to indefinitely suspend sentences in which of the following cases?

The "brokerage of services" model in community corrections sought to provide

Contemporary probation is the direct result of the effort in England and the United States to

Community corrections acts were developed as statewide agreements through which local government could receive funding to develop community correctional sanctions.

"Placing out," which was a process that placed delinquents who would have otherwise been sent to reform school in foster homes, was an early form of juvenile probation.

Security for good behavior is similar to modern-day

A(n) _____ is a court order after a verdict, finding, or guilty plea that suspends or postpones an imposition or execution of a sentence during a period of good behavior.