Question 1

Carl Woese's discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with a scheme of three

Accepted Answer

A)  phyla. 
B)  domains. 
C)  classes. 
D)  orders. 
E)  genera. 
A)  phyla. 
B)  domains. 
C)  classes. 
D)  orders. 
E)  genera. B

Question 2

How would you use Robert Koch's postulates to prove that a specific organism causes a new disease in mice?

Accepted Answer

(1) The suspected organism is found in all diseased mice, but is absent from healthy mice.
(2) The suspected organism is isolated from the diseased mice and grown in pure culture.
(3) When the suspected organism is introduced into a healthy mouse, the same disease occurs.
(4) The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased mouse.

Question 3

Penicillin was first used to save the lives of many people during which war?

Accepted Answer

A)  the U.S. Civil War 
B)  the Korean War 
C)  the Vietnam War 
D)  World War I 
E)  World War II 
A)  the U.S. Civil War 
B)  the Korean War 
C)  the Vietnam War 
D)  World War I 
E)  World War II E

Question 4

Give two reasons why microbes have been difficult to classify.

Accepted Answer

First, even with the use of light micros

Question 5

The ultracentrifuge is a high-speed centrifuge ideally suited for separating individual

Accepted Answer

A)  cellular proteins and nucleotides. 
B)  microbial cells. 
C)  mold spores. 
D)  secondary metabolites. 
E)  base pairs. 
A)  cellular proteins and nucleotides. 
B)  microbial cells. 
C)  mold spores. 
D)  secondary metabolites. 
E)  base pairs.

Question 6

Why did it take so long for humans to determine that microbes cause infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Microbes are too small to be seen with t

Question 7

Electron microscopes use what to focus the beam of electrons?

Accepted Answer

A)  electromagnets 
B)  a condenser lens 
C)  light rays 
D)  X-ray diffraction 
E)  glass 
A)  electromagnets 
B)  a condenser lens 
C)  light rays 
D)  X-ray diffraction 
E)  glass

Question 8

It took the advent of the polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of the causative agent for which disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  anthrax 
B)  tuberculosis 
C)  AIDS 
D)  rabies 
E)  smallpox 
A)  anthrax 
B)  tuberculosis 
C)  AIDS 
D)  rabies 
E)  smallpox

Question 9

Briefly explain the endosymbiosis theory and the evidence that supports it.

Accepted Answer

The endosymbiosis theory proposes that m

Question 10

What feature of bacteria facilitated the DNA revolution in the 1970s?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are very small. 
B)  They readily recombine DNA. 
C)  They have very large genomes. 
D)  All of their genes were known. 
E)  They do not cause disease. 
A)  They are very small. 
B)  They readily recombine DNA. 
C)  They have very large genomes. 
D)  All of their genes were known. 
E)  They do not cause disease.

Question 11

How do many animal endosymbionts grow?

Accepted Answer

A)  on the surface of the host 
B)  on low nutrients 
C)  by reducing iron oxide 
D)  on inorganic minerals 
E)  in biofilms 
A)  on the surface of the host 
B)  on low nutrients 
C)  by reducing iron oxide 
D)  on inorganic minerals 
E)  in biofilms

Question 12

All of the following are true about penicillin EXCEPT that it

Accepted Answer

A)  was discovered by Alexander Fleming. 
B)  was an accidental discovery. 
C)  is produced by a bacterium. 
D)  was the first antibiotic used by humans. 
E)  was purified by Florey and Chain. 
A)  was discovered by Alexander Fleming. 
B)  was an accidental discovery. 
C)  is produced by a bacterium. 
D)  was the first antibiotic used by humans. 
E)  was purified by Florey and Chain.

Question 13

Describe the discoveries of Louis Pasteur while working with the French beer and wine manufacturers in assessing alcohol versus vinegar production during fermentation.

Accepted Answer

Previously, it was believed that the con

Question 14

The first person to visualize individual microbial cells was

Accepted Answer

A)  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 
B)  Robert Hooke. 
C)  Louis Pasteur. 
D)  Lady Montagu. 
E)  Edward Jenner. 
A)  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 
B)  Robert Hooke. 
C)  Louis Pasteur. 
D)  Lady Montagu. 
E)  Edward Jenner.

Question 15

Taq polymerase forms the basis of a technique for

Accepted Answer

A)  comparative genomics. 
B)  recombinant DNA. 
C)  X-ray diffraction. 
D)  DNA amplification. 
E)  protein synthesis. 
A)  comparative genomics. 
B)  recombinant DNA. 
C)  X-ray diffraction. 
D)  DNA amplification. 
E)  protein synthesis.

Question 16

If you want to produce DNA polymerases like those used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of DNA, from which natural environment would you try to isolate the producers?

Accepted Answer

Since DNA polymerase in PCR must survive

Question 17

Define the term "endosymbiont" and give an example of an endosymbiotic relationship found in nature.

Accepted Answer

An endosymbiont is an organism living sy

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding viruses is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most are too small to be seen by a light microscope. 
B)  They are "filterable agents" that can pass through porcelain filters that have a pore size that blocks microbes. 
C)  Their genomes could be composed of DNA or RNA. 
D)  They are smaller than plasmids and prions. 
E)  Viral particles, when pure enough, can be crystallized. 
A)  Most are too small to be seen by a light microscope. 
B)  They are "filterable agents" that can pass through porcelain filters that have a pore size that blocks microbes. 
C)  Their genomes could be composed of DNA or RNA. 
D)  They are smaller than plasmids and prions. 
E)  Viral particles, when pure enough, can be crystallized.

Question 19

How did Sergei Winogradsky grow lithotrophs?

Accepted Answer

A)  enrichment culture 
B)  organic media 
C)  pure culture 
D)  endosymbiosis 
E)  chain of infection 
A)  enrichment culture 
B)  organic media 
C)  pure culture 
D)  endosymbiosis 
E)  chain of infection

Question 20

What did van Leeuwenhoek discover using microscopic observations before and after drinking hot beverages?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heat did not kill microbes. 
B)  Heat killed microbes. 
C)  Heat did not kill algae. 
D)  Caffeine in coffee killed microbes. 
E)  The existence of spiral-shaped microbes. 
A)  Heat did not kill microbes. 
B)  Heat killed microbes. 
C)  Heat did not kill algae. 
D)  Caffeine in coffee killed microbes. 
E)  The existence of spiral-shaped microbes.

Exam 1: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Carl Woese's discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with a scheme of three

How would you use Robert Koch's postulates to prove that a specific organism causes a new disease in mice?

Penicillin was first used to save the lives of many people during which war?

Give two reasons why microbes have been difficult to classify.

The ultracentrifuge is a high-speed centrifuge ideally suited for separating individual

Why did it take so long for humans to determine that microbes cause infectious diseases?

Electron microscopes use what to focus the beam of electrons?

It took the advent of the polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of the causative agent for which disease?

Briefly explain the endosymbiosis theory and the evidence that supports it.

What feature of bacteria facilitated the DNA revolution in the 1970s?

How do many animal endosymbionts grow?

All of the following are true about penicillin EXCEPT that it

Describe the discoveries of Louis Pasteur while working with the French beer and wine manufacturers in assessing alcohol versus vinegar production during fermentation.

The first person to visualize individual microbial cells was

Taq polymerase forms the basis of a technique for

If you want to produce DNA polymerases like those used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of DNA, from which natural environment would you try to isolate the producers?

Define the term "endosymbiont" and give an example of an endosymbiotic relationship found in nature.

Which of the following statements regarding viruses is FALSE?

How did Sergei Winogradsky grow lithotrophs?

What did van Leeuwenhoek discover using microscopic observations before and after drinking hot beverages?

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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