Question 1

The gene expression machinery of archaea is MOST similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  monera. 
B)  prokaryotes. 
C)  bacteria. 
D)  eukaryotes. 
E)  mitochondria. 
A)  monera. 
B)  prokaryotes. 
C)  bacteria. 
D)  eukaryotes. 
E)  mitochondria.

Question 2

The development of the theory of the "RNA world" resulted from the discovery of

Accepted Answer

A)  archaea. 
B)  prions. 
C)  bacteria. 
D)  ribozymes. 
E)  endosymbionts. 
A)  archaea. 
B)  prions. 
C)  bacteria. 
D)  ribozymes. 
E)  endosymbionts.

Question 3

Describe the effects of three microbial diseases that have significantly affected human populations throughout history.

Accepted Answer

Answers may vary. Some examples include

Question 4

How do microbes help in the extraction of minerals?

Accepted Answer

Several lithotrophic bacteria help in th

Question 5

Which one of the following statements regarding microbial cells is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microbial cells acquire food, gain energy to build themselves, and respond to environmental change. 
B)  Most single-celled organisms require a microscope to render them visible, but some bacterial cells are large enough to be seen with naked eyes. 
C)  Microbes function as individual entities. 
D)  Many microbes form complex multicellular assemblages. 
E)  Viruses are not considered microbial cells. 
A)  Microbial cells acquire food, gain energy to build themselves, and respond to environmental change. 
B)  Most single-celled organisms require a microscope to render them visible, but some bacterial cells are large enough to be seen with naked eyes. 
C)  Microbes function as individual entities. 
D)  Many microbes form complex multicellular assemblages. 
E)  Viruses are not considered microbial cells.

Question 6

Tyndall's spontaneous generation experiments occasionally failed due to

Accepted Answer

A)  nutrient chirality. 
B)  dust. 
C)  fermentation. 
D)  lack of oxygen. 
E)  endospores. 
A)  nutrient chirality. 
B)  dust. 
C)  fermentation. 
D)  lack of oxygen. 
E)  endospores.

Question 7

Which of these groups are considered to be microbes but NOT considered to be cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses 
B)  bacteria 
C)  archaea 
D)  protists 
E)  filamentous fungi 
A)  viruses 
B)  bacteria 
C)  archaea 
D)  protists 
E)  filamentous fungi

Question 8

Viruses are

Accepted Answer

A)  infectious agents that infect exclusively multicellular organisms. 
B)  noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles. 
C)  pathogens that replicate in complex growth media. 
D)  cellular particles that belong to the archaea domain. 
E)  microbes that consist of lipid membrane-enclosed genomes. 
A)  infectious agents that infect exclusively multicellular organisms. 
B)  noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles. 
C)  pathogens that replicate in complex growth media. 
D)  cellular particles that belong to the archaea domain. 
E)  microbes that consist of lipid membrane-enclosed genomes.

Question 9

What was the basis for the original smallpox vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  chickenpox virus 
B)  cowpox virus 
C)  rabies virus 
D)  smallpox virus 
E)  anthrax 
A)  chickenpox virus 
B)  cowpox virus 
C)  rabies virus 
D)  smallpox virus 
E)  anthrax

Question 10

How does the Winogradsky column differ from Koch's plate media?

Accepted Answer

A)  Koch's media creates a gradient from oxygen-rich conditions at the surface to highly reduced conditions below. 
B)  The Winogradsky column is used for culturing viruses. 
C)  The Winogradsky column is used for growing extremophiles. 
D)  The Winogradsky column uses the kinds of nutrients that feed humans. 
E)  The bacteria that Winogradsky isolated can grow only on inorganic minerals. 
A)  Koch's media creates a gradient from oxygen-rich conditions at the surface to highly reduced conditions below. 
B)  The Winogradsky column is used for culturing viruses. 
C)  The Winogradsky column is used for growing extremophiles. 
D)  The Winogradsky column uses the kinds of nutrients that feed humans. 
E)  The bacteria that Winogradsky isolated can grow only on inorganic minerals.

Question 11

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Accepted Answer

A prokaryote lacks a nucleus a

Question 12

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek worked as a cloth draper, inspecting the quality of cloth. How did this lead to his interest in microscopy?

Accepted Answer

His work introduced him to mag

Question 13

Define "attenuation" and describe some mechanisms used to attenuate pathogens.

Accepted Answer

Attenuation results in a weakened organi

Question 14

You have isolated a bacterium that you believe to be the causative agent of a new disease in frogs. How would you test the third of Koch's postulates?

Accepted Answer

A)  Determine the shape of the bacterial cells. 
B)  Inject the bacteria into a healthy frog. 
C)  Isolate the bacterium from a sick frog. 
D)  Show that the bacterium is not present in healthy frogs. 
E)  Grow a pure culture of the bacterium outside the frog. 
A)  Determine the shape of the bacterial cells. 
B)  Inject the bacteria into a healthy frog. 
C)  Isolate the bacterium from a sick frog. 
D)  Show that the bacterium is not present in healthy frogs. 
E)  Grow a pure culture of the bacterium outside the frog.

Question 15

Who developed the concept of medical statistics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Francis Crick 
B)  Florence Nightingale 
C)  Edward Jenner 
D)  Louis Pasteur 
E)  Alexander Fleming 
A)  Francis Crick 
B)  Florence Nightingale 
C)  Edward Jenner 
D)  Louis Pasteur 
E)  Alexander Fleming

Question 16

In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria derives from ancient

Accepted Answer

A)  fungi. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  respiring bacteria. 
D)  archaea. 
E)  protists. 
A)  fungi. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  respiring bacteria. 
D)  archaea. 
E)  protists.

Question 17

What is the significance of the work of Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister?

Accepted Answer

They showed that use of antiseptics on d

Question 18

Is it true that only culturable bacteria contribute to ecology? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

No, this is not a true statement. It is

Question 19

Which of the following organelles are thought to be of prokaryotic origin?

Accepted Answer

A)  chloroplast 
B)  mitochondria 
C)  nucleus 
D)  chloroplast and mitochondria 
E)  chloroplast and nucleus 
A)  chloroplast 
B)  mitochondria 
C)  nucleus 
D)  chloroplast and mitochondria 
E)  chloroplast and nucleus

Question 20

In 1975, scientists held a conference at Asilomar to regulate and restrict the field of

Accepted Answer

A)  recombinant DNA. 
B)  comparative genomics. 
C)  DNA sequencing. 
D)  DNA amplification. 
E)  forensic microbiology. 
A)  recombinant DNA. 
B)  comparative genomics. 
C)  DNA sequencing. 
D)  DNA amplification. 
E)  forensic microbiology.

Exam 1: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

The gene expression machinery of archaea is MOST similar to

The development of the theory of the "RNA world" resulted from the discovery of

Describe the effects of three microbial diseases that have significantly affected human populations throughout history.

How do microbes help in the extraction of minerals?

Which one of the following statements regarding microbial cells is FALSE?

Tyndall's spontaneous generation experiments occasionally failed due to

Which of these groups are considered to be microbes but NOT considered to be cells?

Viruses are

What was the basis for the original smallpox vaccine?

How does the Winogradsky column differ from Koch's plate media?

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek worked as a cloth draper, inspecting the quality of cloth. How did this lead to his interest in microscopy?

Define "attenuation" and describe some mechanisms used to attenuate pathogens.

You have isolated a bacterium that you believe to be the causative agent of a new disease in frogs. How would you test the third of Koch's postulates?

Who developed the concept of medical statistics?

In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria derives from ancient

What is the significance of the work of Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister?

Is it true that only culturable bacteria contribute to ecology? Explain your answer.

Which of the following organelles are thought to be of prokaryotic origin?

In 1975, scientists held a conference at Asilomar to regulate and restrict the field of

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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