Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to an interdisciplinary field that uses computer programs to compare genes of different species?

Accepted Answer

A)  annotation 
B)  bioinformatics 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs) 
D)  sequence homology 
E)  computer analysis 
A)  annotation 
B)  bioinformatics 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs) 
D)  sequence homology 
E)  computer analysis B

Question 2

What does it mean to annotate a genome? Explain the goals.

Accepted Answer

Annotation is analogous to identifying separate sentences and words in an unknown language. Annotating a DNA sequence is done with computers using the known rules of transcription and translation to identify the start and stop sites of potential genes. DNA sequences are then translated in silico to determine amino acid sequences. When a sequence appears to encode a protein, the DNA sequence is called an open reading frame (ORF).

Question 3

Explain the processes of Rho-dependent and Rho-independent termination of transcription.

Accepted Answer

Rho-dependent termination involves Rho binding to GC-rich regions after the translational stop on the mRNA. The mRNA wraps around Rho until Rho and RNA polymerase come into contact, causing termination of transcription.
As the name implies, Rho-independent termination does not involve Rho-protein. Instead, a region in the RNA after the translational stop contains a sequence that will base pair, forming a hairpin that is immediately followed by a poly-U sequence. A hairpin followed by a poly-U structure, behind the RNA pol, terminates transcription.

Question 4

A ________ mRNA is a single mRNA molecule that contains information from several contiguous genes.

Accepted Answer

A)  cistronic 
B)  transfer 
C)  polygenic 
D)  ribosomal 
E)  small 
A)  cistronic 
B)  transfer 
C)  polygenic 
D)  ribosomal 
E)  small

Question 5

In the figure below, which label represents the promoter?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  -35 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  -35

Question 6

Name two antibiotics that affect transcription and explain their mode of action.

Accepted Answer

Rifamycin B inhibits transcription initi

Question 7

After ________, each polypeptide must be properly folded and placed at the correct cellular or extracellular location.

Accepted Answer

A)  replication 
B)  transcription 
C)  translation 
D)  degradation 
E)  conjugation 
A)  replication 
B)  transcription 
C)  translation 
D)  degradation 
E)  conjugation

Question 8

The unusual bases found in tRNA are poor substrates for

Accepted Answer

A)  proteases. 
B)  polymerases. 
C)  ribosomes. 
D)  ribozymes. 
E)  RNases. 
A)  proteases. 
B)  polymerases. 
C)  ribosomes. 
D)  ribozymes. 
E)  RNases.

Question 9

Increased levels of chaperones increase heat resistance of bacteria by

Accepted Answer

A)  destroying damaged proteins so the amino acids can be recycled. 
B)  refolding proteins damaged by heat so they function again. 
C)  secreting damaged proteins into the periplasm. 
D)  labeling damaged proteins for destruction by clp proteases. 
E)  adding N-formylmethionine to damaged proteins. 
A)  destroying damaged proteins so the amino acids can be recycled. 
B)  refolding proteins damaged by heat so they function again. 
C)  secreting damaged proteins into the periplasm. 
D)  labeling damaged proteins for destruction by clp proteases. 
E)  adding N-formylmethionine to damaged proteins.

Question 10

The typical bacterial ribosome is composed of

Accepted Answer

A)  16 RNAs and a variety of proteins. 
B)  an 80S (30S + 50S) component made of RNA and proteins. 
C)  80S subunits along with several RNAs and at least 50 proteins. 
D)  two subunits made of three RNAs and at least 50 proteins. 
E)  three subunits containing both RNA and proteins. 
A)  16 RNAs and a variety of proteins. 
B)  an 80S (30S + 50S) component made of RNA and proteins. 
C)  80S subunits along with several RNAs and at least 50 proteins. 
D)  two subunits made of three RNAs and at least 50 proteins. 
E)  three subunits containing both RNA and proteins.

Question 11

How do sigma factors in a bacterium such as E. coli regulate major physiological responses?

Accepted Answer

Any one species such as E. coli can make

Question 12

Most tRNA molecules begin with a 5' ________ and all end with a 3' ________, to which the amino acids attach.

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphate; hydroxyl 
B)  C; GGA 
C)  G; CCA 
D)  A; TTA 
E)  C; AAT 
A)  phosphate; hydroxyl 
B)  C; GGA 
C)  G; CCA 
D)  A; TTA 
E)  C; AAT

Question 13

Name two antibiotics that affect translation and explain their modes of action.

Accepted Answer

Possible answers include the following:

Question 14

Where is fMet used as the N-terminal amino acid? What does that mean for the human immune response?

Accepted Answer

N-formylmethionine (fMet) is important d

Question 15

The average half-life for mRNA in a typical bacterium such as E. coli is

Accepted Answer

A)  1-3 seconds. 
B)  10-30 seconds. 
C)  1-3 minutes. 
D)  1-3 hours. 
E)  1-3 days. 
A)  1-3 seconds. 
B)  10-30 seconds. 
C)  1-3 minutes. 
D)  1-3 hours. 
E)  1-3 days.

Question 16

Post-translational modification to achieve function does NOT involve

Accepted Answer

A)  adenylation. 
B)  phosphorylation. 
C)  acetylation. 
D)  removal of formylmethionine. 
E)  ubiquitination. 
A)  adenylation. 
B)  phosphorylation. 
C)  acetylation. 
D)  removal of formylmethionine. 
E)  ubiquitination.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true of initiation of transcription?

Accepted Answer

A)  The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds. 
B)  GTP hydrolysis catalyzes bubble formation. 
C)  The promoter unwinds. 
D)  The first rNTP is usually a purine. 
E)  Position +1 marks the start of the gene. 
A)  The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds. 
B)  GTP hydrolysis catalyzes bubble formation. 
C)  The promoter unwinds. 
D)  The first rNTP is usually a purine. 
E)  Position +1 marks the start of the gene.

Question 18

Every mRNA has three possible reading frames. How does the ribosome find the correct reading frame?

Accepted Answer

Each mRNA has sequences upstream of the

Question 19

Using the genetic code shown below, find the correct start and stop codons. Which of the following peptides might this message code for?  
5'-GAGUUAUGCACGGGUUCUAUGUGUAG-3'

Accepted Answer

A)  GLU-LEU-CYS-MET-GLY-SER-MET-CYS 
B)  MET-GLY-SER-MET-CYS 
C)  MET-HIS-GLY-PHE-TYR-VAL 
D)  MET-CYS-ILE-LEU-GLY-THR-TYR 
E)  ASP-VAL-TYR-LEU-GLY-TYR-VAL-LEU 
A)  GLU-LEU-CYS-MET-GLY-SER-MET-CYS 
B)  MET-GLY-SER-MET-CYS 
C)  MET-HIS-GLY-PHE-TYR-VAL 
D)  MET-CYS-ILE-LEU-GLY-THR-TYR 
E)  ASP-VAL-TYR-LEU-GLY-TYR-VAL-LEU

Question 20

Which of the following may serve as a molecular clock that measures the approximate time since two related species diverged?

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  rRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  tmRNA 
A)  tRNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  rRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  tmRNA

Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Which of the following terms refers to an interdisciplinary field that uses computer programs to compare genes of different species?

What does it mean to annotate a genome? Explain the goals.

Explain the processes of Rho-dependent and Rho-independent termination of transcription.

A ________ mRNA is a single mRNA molecule that contains information from several contiguous genes.

In the figure below, which label represents the promoter?

Name two antibiotics that affect transcription and explain their mode of action.

After ________, each polypeptide must be properly folded and placed at the correct cellular or extracellular location.

The unusual bases found in tRNA are poor substrates for

Increased levels of chaperones increase heat resistance of bacteria by

The typical bacterial ribosome is composed of

How do sigma factors in a bacterium such as E. coli regulate major physiological responses?

Most tRNA molecules begin with a 5' ________ and all end with a 3' ________, to which the amino acids attach.

Name two antibiotics that affect translation and explain their modes of action.

Where is fMet used as the N-terminal amino acid? What does that mean for the human immune response?

The average half-life for mRNA in a typical bacterium such as E. coli is

Post-translational modification to achieve function does NOT involve

Which of the following is NOT true of initiation of transcription?

Every mRNA has three possible reading frames. How does the ribosome find the correct reading frame?

Using the genetic code shown below, find the correct start and stop codons. Which of the following peptides might this message code for? 5'-GAGUUAUGCACGGGUUCUAUGUGUAG-3'

Which of the following may serve as a molecular clock that measures the approximate time since two related species diverged?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

Most tRNA molecules begin with a 5' and all end with a 3' , to which the amino acids attach.