Question 1

Explain the concept of Scaffolding and provide examples.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding occurs when experts are sensitive to the abilities of a novice and respond contingently to the novice's responses inn a learning situation so that the novice gradually increases his or her understanding of a problem. Scaffolding will be most effective when done within the zone of proximal development. Examples should include Miguel being assisted by his mother to put together a puzzle ; study of mothers being instructed to teach their 5-year-old children how to play a board game involving the use of dice to compute moves .

Question 2

Which of the following is not related to the concept of guided participation as developed by Rogoff?

Accepted Answer

A)  refers to adult-child interactions during implicit instruction 
B)  refers to adult-child interactions during explicit instruction 
C)  refers to adult-child interactions during the more routine activities and communication of everyday life 
D)  focuses on day-to-day activities in children's lives, such as doing chores, watching television, and eavesdropping on adult conversations 
A)  refers to adult-child interactions during implicit instruction 
B)  refers to adult-child interactions during explicit instruction 
C)  refers to adult-child interactions during the more routine activities and communication of everyday life 
D)  focuses on day-to-day activities in children's lives, such as doing chores, watching television, and eavesdropping on adult conversations A

Question 3

Which of the following is not related to the Zone of Proximal Development?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child's actual developmental level as determined by independent problem-solving. 
B)  A child's level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. 
C)  A child's level of development as determined by Piagetian developmental theories. 
D)  The zone in which sensitive instruction should be aimed and in which new cognate growth can be expected to occur. 
A)  A child's actual developmental level as determined by independent problem-solving. 
B)  A child's level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. 
C)  A child's level of development as determined by Piagetian developmental theories. 
D)  The zone in which sensitive instruction should be aimed and in which new cognate growth can be expected to occur. C

Question 4

What was the result of research conducted by Whitehurst and colleagues (1988) regarding training parents of 2- and 3-year-old children in a technique of interactive story reading?

Accepted Answer

A)  After 1 month of such reading, children in the experimental group were 8.5 months more advanced on a measure of verbal expression than were children in the control group, despite the fact that the two groups were equal at the beginning of the study. 
B)  After 3 months of such reading, there was no differences noted between the experimental group and the control group. 
C)  After 1 month of reading, children in the control group were 8.5 months more advanced on a measure of verbal expression than were children in the experimental group. 
D)  After 3 months of such reading, children in both the control group and experimental group were similar on a measure of verbal expression. 
A)  After 1 month of such reading, children in the experimental group were 8.5 months more advanced on a measure of verbal expression than were children in the control group, despite the fact that the two groups were equal at the beginning of the study. 
B)  After 3 months of such reading, there was no differences noted between the experimental group and the control group. 
C)  After 1 month of reading, children in the control group were 8.5 months more advanced on a measure of verbal expression than were children in the experimental group. 
D)  After 3 months of such reading, children in both the control group and experimental group were similar on a measure of verbal expression.

Question 5

In Malcolm Gladwell's (2008) book, Outliers, he asserts that ordinary people are the product of hard work, native intelligence, as well as the result of the practices of their culture at a future time in their history.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

When most parents read picture books with their young children they are actually using a scaffolding strategy. Parents are more directive when children are younger and become less so as their children's language skills improve. Which of the following is not an example of this strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents ask questions. 
B)  Parents point out and label pictures, provide feedback. 
C)  Parents make categorical distinctions, such as saying, "This is a dog and this is a bird; birds fly and make their nests in trees." 
D)  Parents do not elaborate about the stories' plots and allow the young child to figure it out. 
A)  Parents ask questions. 
B)  Parents point out and label pictures, provide feedback. 
C)  Parents make categorical distinctions, such as saying, "This is a dog and this is a bird; birds fly and make their nests in trees." 
D)  Parents do not elaborate about the stories' plots and allow the young child to figure it out.

Question 7

Which of the following is not an example of how sociocultural influences represent dynamic forces at work?

Accepted Answer

A)  drastic changes in the economy such as the world financial crisis beginning in 2008 
B)  Hurricane Sandy in 2012 
C)  an influx of immigrants to a community 
D)  who wins the Oscar for best actress in any given year 
A)  drastic changes in the economy such as the world financial crisis beginning in 2008 
B)  Hurricane Sandy in 2012 
C)  an influx of immigrants to a community 
D)  who wins the Oscar for best actress in any given year

Question 8

According to a 2012 survey in American Homes, which of the following is correct with regard Internet usage?

Accepted Answer

A)  20% of Black and 23% of Latino adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
B)  10% of Black and 23% of Latino adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
C)  80% of White and 83% of Asian adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
D)  95% of White and 98% of Asian adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
A)  20% of Black and 23% of Latino adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
B)  10% of Black and 23% of Latino adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
C)  80% of White and 83% of Asian adults 25 years and older used the Internet. 
D)  95% of White and 98% of Asian adults 25 years and older used the Internet.

Question 9

In Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective, learning and development are the result of interacting in specific, culturally defined tasks that have specific rules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate development from the perspective of four interrelated levels in interaction with children's environments, which are

Accepted Answer

A)  ontogenetic, microgenetic, phylogenetic, and sociohistorical. 
B)  ontogenetic, macrogenetic, physiogenetic, and sociocultural. 
C)  ontomorphous, microcephaly, phylum, and sociohistorical. 
D)  aura genetic, microbiological, phylogenetic and sociocultural. 
A)  ontogenetic, microgenetic, phylogenetic, and sociohistorical. 
B)  ontogenetic, macrogenetic, physiogenetic, and sociocultural. 
C)  ontomorphous, microcephaly, phylum, and sociohistorical. 
D)  aura genetic, microbiological, phylogenetic and sociocultural.

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why it is important to facilitate symbolic play?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children will learn to cheat and manipulate for the game advantage. 
B)  Children learn about people, objects, and actions through symbolic play. 
C)  Symbolic play might be related to other aspects of cognitive development. 
D)  Children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs increase as a result of symbolic play. 
A)  Children will learn to cheat and manipulate for the game advantage. 
B)  Children learn about people, objects, and actions through symbolic play. 
C)  Symbolic play might be related to other aspects of cognitive development. 
D)  Children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs increase as a result of symbolic play.

Question 12

Explain how children's understanding of print and prereading skills were assessed in research conducted by Reese (1995)?

Accepted Answer

Children's understanding of print and pr

Question 13

Discuss the two types of cognitive artifacts of tools of intellectual adaptation and provide examples of each.

Accepted Answer

The two types are physical, or material,

Question 14

Elaborate and explain in detail Rogoff's view that development is a process of transformation of participation.

Accepted Answer

Evaluation of development focuses on how

Question 15

In a 2012 survey of American homes regarding smartphone use it was determined that 54% of Black and 64% of Hispanic adults over the age of 25 use smartphones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following elementary mental functions are infants born with that are eventually transformed by the culture into new and more sophisticated mental processes Vygotsky called higher mental functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  attention, deprivation, perception, memory 
B)  attention, sensation, perception, memory 
C)  mindlessness, sensation, deprivation, memory 
D)  analytical thinking, rationalization, sensation, perception 
A)  attention, deprivation, perception, memory 
B)  attention, sensation, perception, memory 
C)  mindlessness, sensation, deprivation, memory 
D)  analytical thinking, rationalization, sensation, perception

Question 17

Within the adult-child interchanges of daily life, children's intellectual processes are developed to handle the tasks and problems pertinent to their particular surroundings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Explain Vygotsky's proposal that cognitive development occurs in situations where a child's problem solving is guided by an adult.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development progresses by the

Question 19

Which of the following is not an example of the function of shared remembering in children's memory development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children learn ways of remembering and communicating memories with others for example, narrative structure. 
B)  Children learn about themselves, which contributes to the development of the self-concept. 
C)  Children learn values important to the family and the community, that is, what is worth remembering. 
D)  Promotes internal and institutional solidarity. 
A)  Children learn ways of remembering and communicating memories with others for example, narrative structure. 
B)  Children learn about themselves, which contributes to the development of the self-concept. 
C)  Children learn values important to the family and the community, that is, what is worth remembering. 
D)  Promotes internal and institutional solidarity.

Question 20

Reese (1995) proposed that mothers provide scaffolding by increasingly involving their children in collaborative conversations. According to Reese what was a tentative conclusion of this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The data were inconclusive and further research has to be conducted. 
B)  Children who participate to a greater degree in early adult-child conversations may be honing different abilities from those children who allow the adult to direct the interaction. 
C)  Children can only learn if both of their parents have college degrees and at least minimally interact with their children. 
D)  The data suggest results of the study will only apply to ethnic minorities. 
A)  The data were inconclusive and further research has to be conducted. 
B)  Children who participate to a greater degree in early adult-child conversations may be honing different abilities from those children who allow the adult to direct the interaction. 
C)  Children can only learn if both of their parents have college degrees and at least minimally interact with their children. 
D)  The data suggest results of the study will only apply to ethnic minorities.

Explain the concept of Scaffolding and provide examples.

Which of the following is not related to the concept of guided participation as developed by Rogoff?

Which of the following is not related to the Zone of Proximal Development?

What was the result of research conducted by Whitehurst and colleagues (1988) regarding training parents of 2- and 3-year-old children in a technique of interactive story reading?

In Malcolm Gladwell's (2008) book, Outliers, he asserts that ordinary people are the product of hard work, native intelligence, as well as the result of the practices of their culture at a future time in their history.

When most parents read picture books with their young children they are actually using a scaffolding strategy. Parents are more directive when children are younger and become less so as their children's language skills improve. Which of the following is not an example of this strategy?

Which of the following is not an example of how sociocultural influences represent dynamic forces at work?

According to a 2012 survey in American Homes, which of the following is correct with regard Internet usage?

In Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective, learning and development are the result of interacting in specific, culturally defined tasks that have specific rules.

Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate development from the perspective of four interrelated levels in interaction with children's environments, which are

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why it is important to facilitate symbolic play?

Explain how children's understanding of print and prereading skills were assessed in research conducted by Reese (1995)?

Discuss the two types of cognitive artifacts of tools of intellectual adaptation and provide examples of each.

Elaborate and explain in detail Rogoff's view that development is a process of transformation of participation.

In a 2012 survey of American homes regarding smartphone use it was determined that 54% of Black and 64% of Hispanic adults over the age of 25 use smartphones.

Which of the following elementary mental functions are infants born with that are eventually transformed by the culture into new and more sophisticated mental processes Vygotsky called higher mental functions?

Within the adult-child interchanges of daily life, children's intellectual processes are developed to handle the tasks and problems pertinent to their particular surroundings.

Explain Vygotsky's proposal that cognitive development occurs in situations where a child's problem solving is guided by an adult.

Which of the following is not an example of the function of shared remembering in children's memory development?

Reese (1995) proposed that mothers provide scaffolding by increasingly involving their children in collaborative conversations. According to Reese what was a tentative conclusion of this study?

Introduction to Cognitive Development

Biological Bases of Cognitive Development

Infant Perception and Cognition

Thinking in Symbols: Development of Representation

Development of Folk Knowledge

Learning to Think on Their Own: Executive Function, Strategies, and Problem Solving

Memory Development

Language Development

Social Cognition

Schooling and Cognitive Development

Approaches to the Study of Intelligence

Origins, Modification, and Stability of Intellectual Differences

Filters

Exam 3: Social Construction of Mind: Sociocultural Perspectives on Cognitive Development

Explain the concept of Scaffolding and provide examples.

Which of the following is not related to the concept of guided participation as developed by Rogoff?

Which of the following is not related to the Zone of Proximal Development?

What was the result of research conducted by Whitehurst and colleagues (1988) regarding training parents of 2- and 3-year-old children in a technique of interactive story reading?

In Malcolm Gladwell's (2008) book, Outliers, he asserts that ordinary people are the product of hard work, native intelligence, as well as the result of the practices of their culture at a future time in their history.

When most parents read picture books with their young children they are actually using a scaffolding strategy. Parents are more directive when children are younger and become less so as their children's language skills improve. Which of the following is not an example of this strategy?

Which of the following is not an example of how sociocultural influences represent dynamic forces at work?

According to a 2012 survey in American Homes, which of the following is correct with regard Internet usage?

In Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective, learning and development are the result of interacting in specific, culturally defined tasks that have specific rules.

Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate development from the perspective of four interrelated levels in interaction with children's environments, which are

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why it is important to facilitate symbolic play?

Explain how children's understanding of print and prereading skills were assessed in research conducted by Reese (1995)?

Discuss the two types of cognitive artifacts of tools of intellectual adaptation and provide examples of each.

Elaborate and explain in detail Rogoff's view that development is a process of transformation of participation.

In a 2012 survey of American homes regarding smartphone use it was determined that 54% of Black and 64% of Hispanic adults over the age of 25 use smartphones.

Which of the following elementary mental functions are infants born with that are eventually transformed by the culture into new and more sophisticated mental processes Vygotsky called higher mental functions?

Within the adult-child interchanges of daily life, children's intellectual processes are developed to handle the tasks and problems pertinent to their particular surroundings.

Explain Vygotsky's proposal that cognitive development occurs in situations where a child's problem solving is guided by an adult.

Which of the following is not an example of the function of shared remembering in children's memory development?

Reese (1995) proposed that mothers provide scaffolding by increasingly involving their children in collaborative conversations. According to Reese what was a tentative conclusion of this study?

Introduction to Cognitive Development

Biological Bases of Cognitive Development

Infant Perception and Cognition

Thinking in Symbols: Development of Representation

Development of Folk Knowledge

Learning to Think on Their Own: Executive Function, Strategies, and Problem Solving

Memory Development

Language Development

Social Cognition

Schooling and Cognitive Development

Approaches to the Study of Intelligence

Origins, Modification, and Stability of Intellectual Differences

Filters