Question 1

Which is (are) True concerning the cell wall of prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  It determines the shape of the bacteria. 
B)  It prevents the bacteria from bursting. 
C)  It contains peptidoglycan. 
D)  It may be targeted by antimicrobials. 
E)  All of the answer choices are True. 
A)  It determines the shape of the bacteria. 
B)  It prevents the bacteria from bursting. 
C)  It contains peptidoglycan. 
D)  It may be targeted by antimicrobials. 
E)  All of the answer choices are True. E

Question 2

Petrus asks you what the Gram-negative result means and you explain that the bacteria causing his grandmother's UTI

Accepted Answer

A)  have a thin cell wall and an outer membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
B)  have a thick cell wall and an outer membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
C)  have no cell wall but they have a thick outer membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
D)  have a thin cell wall and an inner cell membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to penicillin. 
E)  have no cell wall which makes the cells more sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
A)  have a thin cell wall and an outer membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
B)  have a thick cell wall and an outer membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
C)  have no cell wall but they have a thick outer membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. 
D)  have a thin cell wall and an inner cell membrane which makes the cells less sensitive to penicillin. 
E)  have no cell wall which makes the cells more sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin. A

Question 3

The macromolecule found in the cell walls of all bacteria is

Accepted Answer

A)  lipid A. 
B)  teichoic acid. 
C)  peptidoglycan. 
D)  glycocalyx. 
E)  chitin. 
A)  lipid A. 
B)  teichoic acid. 
C)  peptidoglycan. 
D)  glycocalyx. 
E)  chitin. C

Question 4

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria

Accepted Answer

A)  contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan. 
B)  contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan. 
C)  is an excellent barrier to most molecules. 
D)  contains an outer membrane containing LPS. 
E)  contains a thick layer of peptidoglycose. 
A)  contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan. 
B)  contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan. 
C)  is an excellent barrier to most molecules. 
D)  contains an outer membrane containing LPS. 
E)  contains a thick layer of peptidoglycose.

Question 5

A new drug is developed that inhibits formation of flagella filament by impairing production of the protein flagellin. Is this going to be an effective medication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Potentially yes-it could be used against some bacteria, but wouldn't be effective for those that don't use a flagellum to move around. 
B)  Potentially yes, but only if it could be shown that the drug also didn't impair the production of the eukaryotic flagellum. 
C)  Not at all-our eukaryotic cells depend on flagella to move around in our body, and this drug would impair that function. 
D)  Not at all-bacterial flagella are produced using microtubules, not the protein flagellin. This drug would be useless in eliminating bacteria. 
E)  Not at all-this medication would affect cells like the ciliated respiratory epithelial cells, and would cause potentially fatal side-effects. 
A)  Potentially yes-it could be used against some bacteria, but wouldn't be effective for those that don't use a flagellum to move around. 
B)  Potentially yes, but only if it could be shown that the drug also didn't impair the production of the eukaryotic flagellum. 
C)  Not at all-our eukaryotic cells depend on flagella to move around in our body, and this drug would impair that function. 
D)  Not at all-bacterial flagella are produced using microtubules, not the protein flagellin. This drug would be useless in eliminating bacteria. 
E)  Not at all-this medication would affect cells like the ciliated respiratory epithelial cells, and would cause potentially fatal side-effects.

Question 6

Penicillin would be most effective against

Accepted Answer

A)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
B)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
E)  any actively growing bacteria. 
A)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
B)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
E)  any actively growing bacteria.

Question 7

The endospore stain

Accepted Answer

A)  is applicable to many groups of bacteria. 
B)  usually shows the spores as pink structures among a background of blue cells. 
C)  uses crystal violet as the primary stain. 
D)  is an example of a negative stain. 
E)  is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria. 
A)  is applicable to many groups of bacteria. 
B)  usually shows the spores as pink structures among a background of blue cells. 
C)  uses crystal violet as the primary stain. 
D)  is an example of a negative stain. 
E)  is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria.

Question 8

Select the False statement regarding capsules.

Accepted Answer

A)  Capsules may increase an organism's ability to cause disease. 
B)  Capsules are typically "negatively" stained. 
C)  Capsules may be stained as a wet mount. 
D)  Capsules are usually composed of polysaccharides. 
E)  Capsules take up stain well. 
A)  Capsules may increase an organism's ability to cause disease. 
B)  Capsules are typically "negatively" stained. 
C)  Capsules may be stained as a wet mount. 
D)  Capsules are usually composed of polysaccharides. 
E)  Capsules take up stain well.

Question 9

A research laboratory is investigating environmental factors that would inhibit the growth of Archaea. One question they have is whether adding the antibiotic penicillin would be effective in controlling their growth. What do you think the outcome would be if they tried this?

Accepted Answer

A)  The penicillin wouldn't affect the Archaea because it prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan and Archaea don't have this compound in their cell walls. 
B)  The penicillin will inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and thus cell wall formation in the Archaea, killing them. 
C)  The penicillin will slow down the growth of the Archaea by damaging the cell wall, but they will still be able to grow somewhat. 
D)  The penicillin will enhance the growth of the Archaea by providing a rich nutrient source. 
E)  The penicillin will inhibit cell division in the Archaea, forcing them to form endospores. 
A)  The penicillin wouldn't affect the Archaea because it prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan and Archaea don't have this compound in their cell walls. 
B)  The penicillin will inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and thus cell wall formation in the Archaea, killing them. 
C)  The penicillin will slow down the growth of the Archaea by damaging the cell wall, but they will still be able to grow somewhat. 
D)  The penicillin will enhance the growth of the Archaea by providing a rich nutrient source. 
E)  The penicillin will inhibit cell division in the Archaea, forcing them to form endospores.

Question 10

A newly developed antibiotic drug shows promise by inhibiting prokaryotic 70S ribosomes in initial studies. However, when animal studies are begun, it's noted that the drug also inhibits growth of animal cells. Select the statement that may be explain how this can be happening.

Accepted Answer

A)  The function of ribosomes is identical, no matter their size, so a drug that can affect 70S ribosomes will also impair 80S ribosomes. 
B)  While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes. This drug might be impairing the activity of chloroplasts in animal cells. 
C)  While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are, indeed, produced from the 70S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 80S ribosomes. This drug might be impairing the activity of mitochondria in animal cells. 
D)  Perhaps the scientists accidentally combined their cultures of animal and bacterial cells-this might indicate that the drug is causing a reduction in growth in the culture, while really it's still just affecting the bacterial cells. 
E)  There really is no single explanation for this observation. Most likely, if the experiment was repeated, a completely different outcome would be observed. 
A)  The function of ribosomes is identical, no matter their size, so a drug that can affect 70S ribosomes will also impair 80S ribosomes. 
B)  While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes. This drug might be impairing the activity of chloroplasts in animal cells. 
C)  While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are, indeed, produced from the 70S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 80S ribosomes. This drug might be impairing the activity of mitochondria in animal cells. 
D)  Perhaps the scientists accidentally combined their cultures of animal and bacterial cells-this might indicate that the drug is causing a reduction in growth in the culture, while really it's still just affecting the bacterial cells. 
E)  There really is no single explanation for this observation. Most likely, if the experiment was repeated, a completely different outcome would be observed.

Question 11

Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that

Accepted Answer

A)  light replaces electrons. 
B)  glass lenses replace electromagnets. 
C)  resolution is lower. 
D)  magnification is lower. 
E)  magnification is higher. 
A)  light replaces electrons. 
B)  glass lenses replace electromagnets. 
C)  resolution is lower. 
D)  magnification is lower. 
E)  magnification is higher.

Question 12

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Accepted Answer

A)  scanning electron microscope. 
B)  dark-field microscope. 
C)  atomic force microscope. 
D)  phase contrast microscope. 
E)  light microscope. 
A)  scanning electron microscope. 
B)  dark-field microscope. 
C)  atomic force microscope. 
D)  phase contrast microscope. 
E)  light microscope.

Question 13

Select the True statement about the proton motive force.

Accepted Answer

A)  The proton motive force always involves the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
B)  The proton motive force involves a pH gradient component. 
C)  The proton motive force can be used for active transport processes. 
D)  The proton motive force involves movement of hydrogen ions across the nuclear membrane by the electron transport chain. 
E)  The proton motive force involves a pH gradient component AND the proton motive force can be used for active transport processes. 
A)  The proton motive force always involves the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
B)  The proton motive force involves a pH gradient component. 
C)  The proton motive force can be used for active transport processes. 
D)  The proton motive force involves movement of hydrogen ions across the nuclear membrane by the electron transport chain. 
E)  The proton motive force involves a pH gradient component AND the proton motive force can be used for active transport processes.

Question 14

You explain to Petrus and his grandmother that the cause of her infection is likely E. coli, and that the organism produces ________ that allow it to attach to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract.

Accepted Answer

A)  flagella 
B)  a slime layer 
C)  a glycocalyx 
D)  pili 
E)  cilia 
A)  flagella 
B)  a slime layer 
C)  a glycocalyx 
D)  pili 
E)  cilia

Question 15

The capsule

Accepted Answer

A)  may be used for protection AND may be involved in movement. 
B)  may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces AND may be involved in movement. 
C)  may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. 
D)  may be involved in movement AND may be involved in energy production. 
E)  may be involved in energy production AND may be used for protection. 
A)  may be used for protection AND may be involved in movement. 
B)  may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces AND may be involved in movement. 
C)  may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. 
D)  may be involved in movement AND may be involved in energy production. 
E)  may be involved in energy production AND may be used for protection.

Question 16

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have once been free-living bacteria that invaded another cell.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The cytoskeleton

Accepted Answer

A)  is a dynamic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. 
B)  is a static structure that gives a rigid, defined shape to the cell. 
C)  consists of flagella, filaments and cilia that have been internalized. 
D)  has no known function in an animal cell. 
E)  is a dynamic structure composed of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins. 
A)  is a dynamic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. 
B)  is a static structure that gives a rigid, defined shape to the cell. 
C)  consists of flagella, filaments and cilia that have been internalized. 
D)  has no known function in an animal cell. 
E)  is a dynamic structure composed of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins.

Question 18

Please select the MISMATCHED pair.

Accepted Answer

A)  Light microscope - 1,000-fold magnification 
B)  Acid fast stain - differential 
C)  Mycoplasma pneumoniae - flexible cells 
D)  Capsules and slime layers - phospholipids 
E)  Membrane-bound organelles - fungi 
A)  Light microscope - 1,000-fold magnification 
B)  Acid fast stain - differential 
C)  Mycoplasma pneumoniae - flexible cells 
D)  Capsules and slime layers - phospholipids 
E)  Membrane-bound organelles - fungi

Question 19

The acid-fast stain

Accepted Answer

A)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure. 
B)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
C)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and safranin. 
D)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses crystal violet and safranin. 
E)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Bacillus AND uses crystal violet and safranin. 
A)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure. 
B)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
C)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and safranin. 
D)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses crystal violet and safranin. 
E)  is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Bacillus AND uses crystal violet and safranin.

Question 20

Endotoxin

Accepted Answer

A)  consists of lipopolysaccharide. 
B)  determines bacterial shape. 
C)  may have different effects depending on the bacterial source. 
D)  is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains. 
E)  is found in Gram-positive cells. 
A)  consists of lipopolysaccharide. 
B)  determines bacterial shape. 
C)  may have different effects depending on the bacterial source. 
D)  is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains. 
E)  is found in Gram-positive cells.

Exam 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure

Which is (are) True concerning the cell wall of prokaryotes?

Petrus asks you what the Gram-negative result means and you explain that the bacteria causing his grandmother's UTI

The macromolecule found in the cell walls of all bacteria is

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria

A new drug is developed that inhibits formation of flagella filament by impairing production of the protein flagellin. Is this going to be an effective medication?

Penicillin would be most effective against

The endospore stain

Select the False statement regarding capsules.

A research laboratory is investigating environmental factors that would inhibit the growth of Archaea. One question they have is whether adding the antibiotic penicillin would be effective in controlling their growth. What do you think the outcome would be if they tried this?

A newly developed antibiotic drug shows promise by inhibiting prokaryotic 70S ribosomes in initial studies. However, when animal studies are begun, it's noted that the drug also inhibits growth of animal cells. Select the statement that may be explain how this can be happening.

Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Select the True statement about the proton motive force.

You explain to Petrus and his grandmother that the cause of her infection is likely E. coli, and that the organism produces ________ that allow it to attach to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract.

The capsule

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have once been free-living bacteria that invaded another cell.

The cytoskeleton

Please select the MISMATCHED pair.

The acid-fast stain

Endotoxin

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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